Civil Government and Religion

APPENDIX C

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. CGRRLL 167.1

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. CGRRLL 167.2

He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. CGRRLL 167.3

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. CGRRLL 167.4

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. CGRRLL 168.1

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. CGRRLL 168.2

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. CGRRLL 168.3

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. CGRRLL 168.4

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. CGRRLL 168.5

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. CGRRLL 168.6

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. CGRRLL 168.7

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. CGRRLL 168.8

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures. CGRRLL 168.9

He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power. CGRRLL 168.10

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation. CGRRLL 168.11

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: CGRRLL 168.12

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: CGRRLL 168.13

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: CGRRLL 168.14

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: CGRRLL 168.15

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: CGRRLL 168.16

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences: CGRRLL 168.17

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies: CGRRLL 168.18

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments: CGRRLL 168.19

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. CGRRLL 169.1

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us. CGRRLL 169.2

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. CGRRLL 169.3

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. CGRRLL 169.4

He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. CGRRLL 169.5

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. CGRRLL 169.6

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. CGRRLL 169.7

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. CGRRLL 169.8

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent States; that they are Absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor. CGRRLL 169.9

Massachusetts Bay.
JOHN HANCOCK,
SAMUEL ADAMS,
JOHN ADAMS,
ROBERT TREAT PAINE,
ELBRIDGE GERRY. CGRRLL 170.1

New Hampshire.
JOSIAH BARTLETT,
WILLIAM WHIPPLE,
MATTHEW THORNTON. CGRRLL 170.2

Rhode Island.
STEPHEN HOPKINS,
WILLIAM ELLERY CGRRLL 170.3

New York.
WILLIAM FLOYD,
PHILIP LIVINGSTON,
FRANCIS LEWIS,
LEWIS MORRIS. CGRRLL 170.4

New Jersey.
RICHARD STOCKTON,
JOHN WITHERSPOON,
FRANCIS HOPKINSON,
JOHN HART,
ABRAHAM CLARK. CGRRLL 170.5

Pennsylvania.
ROBERT MORRIS,
BENJAMIN RUSH,
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
JOHN MORTON,
GEORGE CLYMER,
JAMES SMITH,
GEORGE TAYLOR,
JAMES WILSON,
GEORGE ROSS. CGRRLL 170.6

Connecticut.
ROGER SHERMAN,
SAMUEL HUNTINGTON,
WILLIAM WILLIAMS,
OLIVER WOLCOTT. CGRRLL 170.7

Delaware.
CESAR RODNEY,
GEORGE READ,
THOMAS M’KEAN. CGRRLL 170.8

Maryland.
SAMUEL CHASE,
WILLIAM PACA,
THOMAS STONE,
CHARLES CARROLL, of Carrolton. CGRRLL 170.9

Virginia.
GEORGE WYTHE,
RICHARD HENRY LEE,
THOMAS JEFFERSON,
BENJAMIN HARRISON,
THOMAS NELSON, JUN.,
FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE,
CARTER BRAXTON. CGRRLL 170.10

North Carolina.
WILLIAM HOOPER,
JOSEPH HEWES,
JOHN PENN. CGRRLL 170.11

South Carolina.
EDWARD TURLEDGE,
THOMAS HEYWARD, JUN.,
THOMAS LYNCH, JUN.,
ARTHUR MIDDLETON. CGRRLL 170.12

Georgia.
BUTTON GWINNETT,
LYMAN HALL,
GEORGE WALTON. CGRRLL 170.13