The Conditionalist Faith of Our Fathers, vol. 2

Subject Guide

Since this book deals with a limited number of subjects, this outline of the chapter contents is included in place of a subject index.

1. Sundry Voices Break General Medieval Silence	15
I. Jerusalem Patriarch Sophronius Asserts Immortality a Gift	15
1. Immortality the Grant of God	17
2. Read Into a General Council Record	17
II. Arabian Philosopher Averroes Projects Crisis	18
III. Greek Bishop Nicholas—Immortality Is Gift of God	20
IV. Leading Medieval Rabbis Maintain Final Extinction of Wicked	21
1. Maimonides Teaches Complete “Excision” of Wicked	23
2. Nachmanides Also Taught Excision of Soul	24
3. Abravanel’s Second Death Is Annihilation	24
4. Manasseh: Wicked Souls Cut Off	25
V. Witness of the Medieval Waldenses of Piedmont	26
1. Early Historic Backgrounds in Survey	29
2. Recognized Identity of Antichrist and! His Perversions	30
VI. Purgatory Errors Stem From Paganism, Not Scripture	30
1. Platonic Paganism Source of Purgatory Dogma	30
2. “Youth Catechism“: Purgatory Against “Commandments of God”	31
3. “Noble Lesson“: Reward at Day of Judgment	32
4. “Antichrist” Treatise: No Souls in Purgatory	32
5. “Now in Heaven” Contention Is Papal Innovation	33
6. II Maccabees Cited as Papal Ground for Purgatory	33
7. Papal Inquisitor Confirms Waldenses’ Rejection of Purgatory	34
VII. John XXII Digresses From Catholic Disposition of Soul at Death	35
1. The Troubled Reign of Pope John XXII	35
2. Soul Not in Presence of God Till After Resurrection	36
3. Disconcerting Questions Arise From Declaration	37
2. Horrifies of Hell and Foibles of Purgatory	39
I. Horrifies of Hell Portrayed in Literature and Art of Middle Ages	39
II. Historical Development and Involvements of Purgatory	41
1. Multiple Pagan Sources of Catholic Purgatory	41
2. Progressive Establishment in Catholic Circles	42
3. Becomes Powerful Force in Hands of Priesthood	44
4. Four Scriptural Passages Sometimes Invoked	45
5. Wherein Purgatory Differs From Hell	46
6. Summary: Mitigating the Horrors of Hell	47
3. Wyclif Pioneers and Pomponazzi Precipitates Crisis	49
I. Agitation During Dominance of Papal Traditionalism	49
1. Challenges to Innate Immortality Erupt	50
II. Wyclif: Death—Unconscious Sleep, Not Anguish in Purgatory	50
III. Progressive Developments in Thought and Action	52
1. Conflicts With Ecclesiastical Authority	53
2. Breaks Next With Medieval Theology	54
3. Anticipated Fundamental Principles of Protestantism	55
IV. Soul Sleep and the Myth of Purgatory	57
1. Led to Identification of Antichrist by Bible Prophecy	58
2. “Unconscious Sleep” Between Death and Resurrection	58
3. Immortality Received at the Resurrection	59
4. No Doctrine to Be Based on a Parable	59
V. Italian Professor Pomponatius Precipitates a Crisis	60
4. Luther Revives Conditionalism at Reformation Outset	64
I. Revival of Conditionalism Gradually Gathers Momentum	64
II. Luther Revives Conditionalism at Outset of Reformation	65
III. The Torments of Hell and the Pains of Purgatory	67
1. Proclaims Simplicity of the Gospel	68
2. Crisis Over Releasing Souls From Purgatory	69
IV. Dramatic Break With the Might of Rome	70
1. Final Rupture by Burning “Bull of Antichrist”	71
2. Traditionism Crowded Into Background	72
V. “Immortal Soul” Concept Derived From “Roman Dunghill of Decretals”	73
1. “Immortal Soul” Included Among Poke’s “Monstrous Opinions”	73
2. Blackburne’s Opinion on Luther’s Position	74
3. Kantonen Confirms Luther’s Emphasis on “Sleep”	74
4. Did Luther Later Reverse His Position?	75
5. Retains “Suspended Consciousness” Concept Till Day of Death	75
6. Luther’s Followers Sought to Conceal Sentiments	76
VI. Counters Purgatory With Unconscious Sleep of Soul	76
1. Dead Are Unconscious of Passing Time	77
2. Death a “Deep, Strong, Sweet Sleep”	77

3. Sleeps in Unconscious Rest and Peace	77
4. Rests Securely Till Awakener Calls	78
5. Question of Eternal Torment Left Untouched	78
VII. Anabaptist Often Involved in Conflict Over “Soul” in Death	79
1. Regeneration Prerequisite to Valid Baptism	80
2. Distinguish Sound Adherents From Fanatics	80
3. Five Categories of Anabaptists	81
4. Principles Held by Sound Anabaptists	82
5. Characteristics of Geographical Groups	82
VIII. Polish Anabaptists—Eternal Life After Resurrection	85
IX. Many Socinians Likewise Hold Conditionalist Positions	86
5. Tyndale and Frith Testify: Ethiopia and India Support	88
I. Clear-cut Stand on the Sleep of the Soul	93
1. Prophetic Depiction of Papal Perversions	93
2. Departed Souls Not in Heaven, Hell, or Purgatory	94
3. Innate Immortality From Paganism and Popery	94
4. “Saints in Heaven” Destroys Resurrection Argument	95
5. Does “Master More” Know More Than Paul?	95
II. Frith—Martyrdom for Denial of Consciousness in Purgatory	%
III. Twin Causes of Frith’s Death by Fire	100
1. Parable Is Basis of Bishop’s Contention	101
2. Conscious Torment Destroys Resurrection Argument	101
3. Righteous Rest in Peace, Not in Torment	102
4. Abraham’s Bosom Is Abraham’s Faith	102
5. Denial of Purgatory Becomes Death Warrant	102
IV. Continuous Ethiopian Witness for Thousand Years	103
1. Frumentius Becomes Bishop of Abyssinia	104
2. Jesuit Missionaries Discover Dissenting Belief	105
V. Origin and Witness of Malabar St. Thomas Christians	106
1. Rise and Spread of the Nestorian Movement	106
2. Significance of the Nestorian Movement	107
3. Characteristics of Malabar St. Thomas Christians	108
VI. Malabar Coast Witness—Dead Rest Until Judgment	108
1. Jesuit Record of Malabar Conditionalism	109
2. Protestant Record Confirms Conditionalist Beliefs	109
3. Tampering With the Records	111
6. Vehement Calvinist Positions and Anglican Opposites Develop	112
I. Calvin—Foremost Protestant Foe of “Soul Sleep” Postulate	112
1. Sovereignty of God and Theocracy for Man	114
II. Servetus—Conditionalism Included Among His “Heresies”	115
III. Historical Setting of Calvin’s Psychopannychia	116
IV. Hurls Invectives Against Anabaptist Soul Sleepers	118
V. The Gist of Calvin’s Attack on Soul Sleep	120
1. Calvin’s Definition of the Soul	121
2. Death of “Soul” is “Abandonment by God”	121
3. “Dead” Defined as Not “Visibly Existing”	121
4. “Thoughts Perishing” Construed as “Designs” Dissipated	121
5. Central Attack Is on “Sleep” of Soul	121
6. “Sleep” Applies Only to “Body” Never to “Soul”	122
7. Acquaintance With Platonism Disclosed	122
8. Authority of Tradition Is Invoked	122
9. The Soul Returns to God at Death	122
10. Freed From Body, Soul Soars Aloft	123
11. Contends “Rich Man and Lazarus” Not a Parable	123
12. Christ Intensely Alive During His Death	123
13. Alleges Jonah Prayed While Dead in Whale	124
14. Wicked Said to Feel Ceaseless Flame of Eternal Fire	124
15. Soul Sleep Declared a Fabricated Abomination	124
VI. Eternal Torment Not Established Dogma of Anglican Church	125
1. Earliest Anglican Articles (1553) Condemn “Soul Sleep”	125
2. Elizabethan Revisions (1563) Reduce Articles to “Thirty-nine”	126
VII. “Mystic” Renato—Soul Sleeps Unconsciously Until Resurrection	127
7. Persecution Unto Death for Faith Under Queen Elizabeth	130
I. Terwoort and Pieters Burned for Faith Under Queen Elizabeth	130
II. Conditionalists Legatt and Wightman Burned at Stake Under James I	134
1. “Rotton Contagious Member” Is “Cut Off”	135
2. Included “Heresy” of “Soul Sleep”	136
3. Last Public Burning for “Heresy” by Protestant Monarch	138
III. 20,000 Baptists Declare “Faith” in Confession of 1660	138
1. Comprehensive Portrayal of Belief	139
2. Concept of Nature and Destiny of Man	140
IV. Signatory Caffyn—Immortality Held in “Promise,” Not Present Possession	142
V. Unitarian John Biddle—Persecuted for Conditionalist Beliefs	144
VI. Immortality for Saints; Utter Destruction for Sinners	146
1. Eternal Life Limited to Believing Saints	147
2. Wicked Are Devoured, Pass Away, Perish in “Second Death”	147

3. The Soul to Be Destroyed in Hell	147
4. First Resurrection for Saints; Second Death for Sinners	147
8. Poets Mihon and Wither—The Whole Man Dies in Death	150
I. Milton the Outspoken Proponent of Conditionalism	152
1. Man a Unit, Not a Compound	152
2. Death of Body Is Extinction of Life	153
3. Whole Man Suffers Privation of Life	153
4. Sentence of Death Executed Upon Whole Man	154
5. Crown of Righteousness Not Yet Received	154
6. Souls Not in Heaven During Death	155
7. Soul of Lazarus Not Recalled From Heaven	155
8. Natural Propagation, Not Special Creations	155
II. Conditionalism Even Woven Into Paradise Lost	156
III. Milton Answers Nine Stock “Objection” Passages	157
1. Soul Redeemed From Power of Grave	157
2. Spirit Returns to God, Body to Grave	157
3. Body, Temporal Life; Soul, Spiritual Life	157
4. Intervening Time “Annihilated” for Those Who Sleep	158
5. Grave “Common Guardian of All” Till Judgment Day	158
6. Souls Under Altar Not Separated From Body	158
7. Obscure Must Not Override Many Clear Passages	159
8. Christ Committed Body, Soul, and Spirit to God	159
9. Not Separation of Soul From Body	159
IV. Poet George Wither—Man a Candidate for Immortality	160
1. Soul Nonexistent Apart From Body	161
2. Life “Doth Principally Form the Soul”	161
9. Overton Imprisoned, Canne Exiled, and Chamberlen Derided	163
I. Overton’s Stormy Career as Conditionalist Pamphleteer	163
II. Samplings of Overton’s Conditionalist Contentions	167
1. During Death Man Ceases to Be Until the Resurrection	167
2. Mortalized by Adam; Immortalized by Christ	167
3. All Hope Grounded on Resurrection	168
4. Paradise Entered by Way of Resurrection	168
III. Canne Braves Reprisals to Print Overton’s Conditionalist Treatise	169
IV. Court Physician—Death a Sleep, With Resurrection Awakening	171
10. Seventeenth-Century Voices Augment Conditionalist Witness	176
I. Stegmann of Germany—Dead Restored to Life Through Resurrection	176
II. Cumulative Argument on Unconscious State of Dead	178
1. The Immortal-Soulist Position	178
2. Consciousness in Death Foundation of Purgatory	178
3. Recalled to Life at Resurrection	179
4. Was the Apostle Paul in Error?	179
5. Absurd to Hold Christ and Apostles in Error	179
6. Disembodied Souls Have No Consciousness	180
7. Body and Spirit Rejoined at Resurrection	180
III. Puritan Nathaniel Homes Stresses Resurrection	181
1. Significance of Peter Sterry’s Endorsement	182
IV. Baptist Richardson Opposes Eternal Torment Dogma	183
V. Professor Isaac Barrow—Temporal Offenders Not Punished Eternally	185
VI. Philosopher John Locke—Bold Stand Against Innate Immortality	187
1. Wicked Do “Not Live Forever”	189
2. Death Not “Eternal Life in Misery”	190
3. Eternal Life Rests on Promises of God	190
VII. Terse Excerpts From Locke’s Arguments	191
VIII. Archbishop Tillotson Undercuts Dogma of Eternal Torment	191
1. Declares Innate-Immortality Assumed, Not “Revealed”	192
2. Similar Continental Denial by Von Stosch	193
IX. Physician William Coward Denies Separate Entity of Soul	193
X. Rejects Immortal-Soulism Because of Pagan Origin	196
1. Wicked Not Yet in Torment, Nor Righteous in Heaven	1%
2. Immortal-Soulism Derived From Heathen Philosophers	196
3. The Contention of the Philosophers	197
4. Platonic Philosophy Interwoven Into Early Christian Doctrine	197
5. Crept Into Church Through Platonic Fathers	197
6. Life Interrupted by Death Restored at Resurrection	198
XI. Lawyer Layton Produces Succession of Conditionalist Treatises	199
XII. Scope of Writing Revealed by Twelve Titles	201
XIII. Witnesses Span Centuries; Opponents Invoke Same Arguments	202
11. Brilliant Witnesses on Both Sides of Atlantic	205
I. Blackburne—Historian of Reformation Conflict Over Soul Question	205
II. Blackburne’s Personal Views on Conditionalism	209
1. The Question of Disembodied Souls	209
2. Immortality Only Through Resurrection	209
3. No Separate Intermediate Life of Soul	210
4. Reformers Lopped “Branches,” Left “Root” of Error	210

5. Unfairness of Charge of “Heresy”	211
6. Restoration of “Whole Man” to Life	211
7. Dead Made Alive Only Through Resurrection	211
8. Immortal-Soulism “Overturns Whole Christian System”	211
III. Four Basic Charges Made by Blackburne	212
IV. Scientist Priestley—Total Insensibility Characterizes Death	214
V. Priestley on the Condition of Man in Death	216
1. Death Is State of “Absolute Insensibility”	216
2. Fallacy of “Separate Conscious State”	216
3. Future Life Based on Resurrection	217
4. “Soul-Sleep” Revival Credited to Bible	217
5. Time Will Remove Current Prejudices	218
VI. Two Illustrious Questioners of Eternal-Torment Thesis	218
1. Hymnist Watts—Does Not “Death” Include “Destruction” of Soul?	218
2. Bishop Warburton—Challenges Proponents of Everlasting Punishment	221
VII. Restorationism Revived as “Universalism” in Post Reformation	221
12. Eighteenth-Century Stalwarts Buttress Conditionalist Positions	224
I. Baptist Professor Whiston—Holds to Complete Destruction of the Wicked	224
1. Chaff Is “Burnt Up” in Utter Destruction	226
2. Flaming Fire to “Utterly Consume” Wicked	226
3. Eternal Life for Righteous Only	226
II. Nonconformist Hallett: If “No Resurrection, No Future State”	227
1. Lost Immortality Restored Through Christ	228
2. Resurrection for All; Immortality Only for Saints	228
III. “Anonymous”—Consciousness Utterly Ceases in Death	228
1. Death Is “Utter Extinction” of Consciousness	229
2. Flame of Life “Rekindled” at Resurrection	229
3. Jewish Paradise Unsupported by Scripture	229
IV. Physician Scott—Complete Destruction Awaits the Wicked	230
1. Destruction, Not “Never-Ceasing Misery,” for Wicked	231
2. Perpetual Torment Dogma Conflicts With Scripture	231
V. Bishop Law—Entrance Upon Immortality Only Through Resurrection	231
1. Life Not Inherent, but a Gift Through Christ	233
2. Gives Seven Equations of Death	233
3. Resurrection the Climax of Hope of Immortality	233
VI. Cambridge Master Peckard—Man Mortal; Immortality Solely Through Christ	234
1. If Immortality Innate, Christ Not Our “Life”	234
2. Hope of Future Existence Based Solely Upon Christ	235
3. Object of Christ’s Coming to Bring Life	236
VII. Dissenter Bourn—Punishment of Wicked to Be “Total Extinction”	236
1. Dogma of Eternal Torment “Diabolical”	237
2. Punishment Is “Proportionate to Guilt”	237
3. Absolute and “Eternal Destruction” for Wicked	238
4. Everlasting Life Restricted to “Righteous”	238
5. Death of Wicked “Total Extinction of Life”	238
VIII. Lesser Lights Support Testimony of Major Witnesses	239
IX. “Fringe” Writers Complicate the Controversy	241
13. Resurgence of Conditionalism Characterizes Nineteenth Century	247
I. Unprecedented Developments Characterize the New Decades	247
1. Imposing Array of Talent Champions Conditionalism	248
II. Reaction to French Revolution Violence Impels Fresh Bible Study	249
III. Historical Setting for Nineteenth-Century Impetus	250
1. Hundred Books on Eschatology Appear	251
2. Parallel Awakening in Old World and New	251
3. Christendom-wide Resurgence of Premillennialism	252
IV. Little-known Conditionalists Open Witness of Century	253
V. Congregation Splits Over Immortality and Resurrection Issues	255
VI. Wesleyan Watson—Lost Title to Immortality Regained Through Christ	256
1. Sinful Man Lost Title to Immortality	257
2. “Seed” Takes Place of “Tree” as Pledge of Immortality	258
3. Immortality a Gift, Dependent on Giver	258
VII. Baptist Hall—Eternal Torment Not Essential Article of Faith	258
VIII. Bishop Hampden—Brands “Innatism” as Remnant of Scholasticism	259
IX. Taylor—Predicts Unfettered Interpretation of Punishment Will Come	260
X. Archbishop Whately Expressly Rejects Immortal-Soulist Positions	261
1. Deals Major Blow Against “Innatist” Theory	262
2. Philosophy Does Not Establish Immortality	262
3. Jesus the Source and Assurance of Immortality	262
4. No Purgatory and No Second Probation	263
5. “Sleep” the Declared Condition in Death	263
6. Unconscious of Passing Time in Death-Sleep	264
7. No “Interval” Between Death and Resurrection	264
8. Wicked to Be Destroyed, and Cease to Exist	264
14. Belated Appearance of Conditionalism in Colonial America	266
I. Tremendous Shift From Theocratic Puritanism to Advent Expectancy	266

1. Involvements of the Puritan Theocracy	267
2. Rhode Island Becomes Haven for Soul Freedom	268
3. Establishment of Religious Liberty and Bill of Rights	268
4. Religious Revivals Enter the Picture	269
5. Multiple Sources of Religious Liberty Principles	269
6. Resurgence of Eschatology Begins Under Spalding	270
7. Joseph Lathrop Emphasizes Time of the End	271
II. Revulsion Against Calvinist Extremism Led to Universalism	271
III. Edwards—Supreme Exponent of Never-ending Torment	272
1. Excruciating Torments “Never, Never” End	273
2. Never Be Delivered From Excruciating Torment	274
3. Kept in Hell Solely for Endless Suffering	274
IV. Hopkins—Agonies of Damned Add to Joys of Saved	275
1. Suffering of Damned Said to Give Joy to Redeemed	276
2. God’s Grace Magnified by Eternally Burning Hell	276
V. Upsurge of Universalism in Colonial and Early National America	277
1. Universalism Gathers Momentum in Nineteenth Century	277
2. Battle of Books Over Universalism	278
VI. Significance and Result of the Battle of Pens	281
1. Belated Appearance of Conditionalist View	281
2. Comes to Fore in Early Nineteenth Century	282
15. American Conditionalists Begin to Appear	283
I. Bird’s-eye Preview of Far-flung Nineteenth-Century Awakening	283
1. From Grew to Storrs to Advent Movement	284
2. Prominent Accessions Follow Mid-century	284
3. 1877 Marks the New Period of Extension	285
II. Anonymous (1795) Precursor of Conditionalists to Follow	286
III. Bishop White—Mankind Universally Mortal Through Adam	288
1. Obtained Episcopal Orders for Daughter American Church	288
2. Turned Away From Calvin’s Predestinarianism	289
3. Mortality Inherited by All From Adam	290
4. Fall Brought Withdrawal of Privileges	290
IV. Elias Smith—Emphatically Rejects Popular Concept of Hell	291
1. Rejects Popular Concept of Endless Hell	292
2. Five “Hells” of Popular Belief	292
3. Protestant Hell From Pagan Mythology	293
4. Three Alternatives As to Fate of Wicked	293
5. Indefeasible Immortality Derived From Platonism	294
6. Alerted by Book on “Destructionism”	294
V. Sellon—Impelled to Declare Conditionalist Convictions	295
1. Punishment Would Not Exceed Sentence	295
2. Gehenna Denotes “Total and Utter Destruction”	296
3. Souls of Unbelievers Are Not Immortal	296
4. Sinner Free to Choose Destruction Rather Than Life	297
5. Eternal Torture Inconsistent With God’s Character	297
6. Eternal Torment Not Scriptural, Therefore False	297
7. Gehenna Total Destruction After Death	298
8. Fire Indicates Total Consumption, Not Eternal Torture	298
9. Eternal Torture Is “Invention of Man”	299
10. Four Falsehoods Involved in Eternal Torment	299
16. “Deacon” Grew-George Storrs Line of Transmission	300
I. “Deacon” Grew—Brings Conditionalism to George Storrs	300
1. Relinquishes Pastoral Post Because of Convictions	300
2. Unique Relationship to American Conditionalism	301
II. Essence of Grew’s “Intermediate State” Tract	302
1. Soul Not Capable of Separate Conscious Existence	302
2. “Unconsciousness” Marks Period Between Death and Resurrection	303
3. All Future Existence Depends on Resurrection	303
4. “Future Felicity” Begins at Second Advent	303
III. Gist of “Future Punishment, Not Eternal Life in Misery” Tract	304
1. No “Immortal or Deathless Spirits”	304
2. Second Death Not “Interminable Miserable Existence”	305
IV. Storrs—Introduces Conditionalism Into Second Advent Movement	305
1. Becomes a Conditionalist After Three Years’ Study	306
2. Origin of the Famous “Six Sermons”	307
V. Digest of Storrs’s Famous “Six Sermons”	308
1. Indefeasible Immortality Involves Eternal Suffering	308
2. Supposed “Indestructibility” of Soul Is Pure Assumption	309
3. Death Is Total Deprivation of Life	309
4. Perishing Is Ceasing to Exist	310
5. Death Is “Extinction of Conscious Being”	311
6. Fathers Mingled Philosophy With Words	311
7. Immortal-Soulism Derived From Platonism	311
8. No Evidence of “Eternal Sin and Suffering”	312
VI. Fitch—Storrs’s First Ministerial Convert to Conditionalism	313
1. Adds Conditionalism to Second Advent Emphasis	313

VII. French—Death an Unconscious State Until Resurrection	314
1. All Dead in Unconscious State Until Advent	314
17. White—Creates New Epoch of Understanding	316
I. Mid-century Begins Attainment of New Stature and Standing	316
1. Credit Must Be Given to Edward White	316
2. Pulpiteers and Scholars Give Momentum	317
II. Foster—Renounced Dogma of Eternal Torment of Wicked	318
1. Rejected Doctrine of Eternal Torment Half Century Prior	318
2. Endless Torment a “Slander” Against God	319
3. Unable to Reconcile Endless Torment With God’s Love	320
III. Dobney—Explicitly Maintains Conditionalist Position	320
1. Sinners Will Not Live Forever	321
2. Saints Do Not Go to Heaven at Death	321
3. Immortality Not Provable From Reason	321
IV. Edward White—Pre-eminent Champion of Conditionalism	322
1. Troubled in Twenties Over Nature of Man	323
2. Persuaded of Conditionalism by Fontaine	324
3. Seven-Year Search Results in Clear Convictions	325
4. First Book (1846) Creates Storm of Indignation	325
5. Builds Constituency of Friendship From Hawley Road	327
6. Honored With Chairmanship of Congregational Union	328
7. First Conditionalist Conference in Christian History	329
8. Made Chairman of Congregational Union of Britain	329
9. Honored as Pre-eminent Champion of Conditionalism	330
10. Re-affirmation of Truth and Repudiation of Error	331
11. Shifted Emphasis From Negative to Positive	332
V. Presents Positive Conditionalism to World Successfully	332
1. Larger Significance of Conditionalism	334
VI. Dunn—Doctrine of Eternal Torment Not in Scripture	335
18. Constable’s Pre-eminent British Contribution	337
I. Outstanding Champion of Conditional Immortality	337
1. His Conditionalist Books Become Standard	338
2. Conditionalism Augments Every Basic Doctrine	339
II. Masterful Portrayal of Historical Trilemma (Three Conflicting Positions)	339
1. Innate Immortality + Eternal Punishing = Eternal Misery	340
2. Eternal Death of Wicked Involves Ultimate Nonexistence	341
3. Original Sentence Involved Loss of Existence	341
4. Priceless Tabulation of Greek Terms Used	342
5. Opposing Positions Tabulated and Illustrated	342
6. Scripture Negates Both Eternal Tormentism and Universalism	342
7. Scripture Asserts Utter Extinction of Evil	343
8. Challenges Opponents to Controvert View	343
9. Cites Justin Martyr and Irenaeus as Conditionalists	344
10. Tertullian Builds on Athenagoras’ Foundation	344
11. Led to “Forced” Interpretation of Scripture	345
12. Origen Converts Hell Into “Vast Purgatory”	345
13. Purification of the “Indestructible” Sinner	346
14. Spiritualized Scripture to Support Platonism	346
15. Eternity of Evil Counters Bible Testimony	346
16. Error’s Fatal Gap of Two Centuries	347
III. Companion Volume Becomes Conditionalist Classic	347
1. Genesis on True Relation of Body and Soul	348
2. Man Is One Person, Not Two	348
3. Relation of Breath of Life to Immortality	349
4. Distinction Between Soul and Spirit	350
5. Soul Does Not Survive the Body	350
6. Gravedom: State of Profound Unconscious Sleep	351
7. Death Eternal, Except for Resurrection	351
8. No Perception of Time in Death Sleep	352
9. Time Annihilated to Those Who Sleep	352
10. Early Epitaphs Attest “Sleep,” Awaiting Resurrection	353
11. “Apostolic Fathers” Were Conditionalists	353
19. Various Scholars Augment Conditionalist Appeal	355
I. Bishop Perowne—Scholarly Advocate of Conditionalism	355
1. We Are But “Candidates for Immortality”	356
II. Thom—Innate Immortality Inference “Falls to the Ground”	356
1. Death of the Soul Inevitable	356
III. Tinling—”Promise of Life” Through Christ Alone	357
1. Accepted Conditionalism From Bible Alone	357
2. Eternal Torment a “Stumbling-Block” to World	358
3. Based Upon Assumptions and Assertions	359
4. Ethnic Religions Taught Ultimate Loss of Personality	359
5. Not Left in Ignorance for 4,000 Years	359
6. No More “Immortal” Than Omnipotent, Omniscient, or Omnipresent	360
7. Eternal Life Through Christ Alone	361
8. Everything Depends on Immortality Through Christ	363

IV. Tomlinson—Takes Issue With Bishop of Liverpool	363
1. Challenges Bishop’s Position on Eternal Torment	364
2. Invokes Bible and Cites Bishop Porteus	365
3. The Soul “Not Immortal in Itself”	365
4. “Quotes” Illustrating Line of Thought	366
5. Protests Alteration of Word and Intent	366
6. Cites Similar “Bible Standard” Criticism	366
7. Supreme Conditionalist Is Jesus Christ	367
8. Fishing in Same Boat With Rome	367
9. Admonition: Beware of Johoiakim’s Penknife Technique	368
V. Canon Row—Powerful Strokes Against Eternal-Tormentism	368
1. Athanasian Creed Statement Is Indefinite	369
2. Philosophy Does Not Prove Immortality of Man	369
3. Genesis Narrative Favors Conditionalist “Theory”	370
4. Resurrection, Not Innate Immortality	370
5. New Testament Symbols Indicate Ultimate Destruction	371
6. The Twofold Premise of Conditionalism	371
7. No Creature Has Inherent Endless Existence	371
8. “Universal Acceptance” Theory Simply Not True	372
VI. Canon Aitken—Champions Conditionalism for Quarter Century	372
1. Eternal Destruction a State, Not a Process	374
2. Word and Work Closes Columns to Him	375
3. Four Questions Propounded by Aitken	375
4. No “Infinite Penalty” for “Finite Sin”	376
5. Many Pulpits Sealed Against Him	376
6. Church Parochial Mission Society Continues to Use Him	376
7. No Eternal Torment for Brief Earthly Life	377
8. Death the Forfeiture of Eternal Life	377
20. Periodical Discussion and Pulpit Publicity	379
I. Bishop Courtenay—Wicked End in “Total Cessation of Being”	379
II. Leask—Editor of Conditionalist Journal The Rainbow	380
1. The Rainbow Rides Out Terrific Storm of Criticism	381
2. Helps Form Conditional Immortality Association	382
III. Maude—Epochal Rainbow Article Creates Crisis	383
1. Steps in Adoption of Conditionalism	383
2. Conditionalist Article Stirs Public Opinion	384
3. Three Major Contentions of Article	385
4. Christianity Early Poisoned by Platonism	386
5. Goes Back to Conflicting Declarations of Eden	386
6. Full Testimony of Scripture Alone Determinative	387
7. Three Distinct Classes of Passages	388
8. Fundamental Fallacy of Universal Salvation	388
9. Eternal Suffering Involves Character of God	389
IV. Minton—Helps Lift “Life in Christ” From Obscurity	389
1. Approval and Condemnation for Espousing Conditionalism	390
2. First Speaker at 1876 Conference on Conditionalism	390
V. Dale—Conditionalism Makes Christian Fundamentals Invulnerable	391
1. Highest Honor Within Gift of Congregationalism	393
2. Public Stand on Conditionalism in 1873	393
3. Conditionalism Strengthens Fundamentals of Faith	394
VI. Anglican Test Case of Wilson vs. Fendall Decided in 1864	394
1. Acquittal Comes at Height of Controversy	395
2. Discussion Grows in Intensity	396
3. The Stage Set for Further Events	397
VII. Darby—“Immortality of Soul” Comes From Platonism	397
1. Earliest Statement: “No Source in Gospel”	398
2. Position Modified in Later Edition	398
3. No Immortal Sinners in Divine Plan	399
4. Historical Note From The Bible Echo	399
VIII. Christadelphians—Likewise Adhere to Main Conditionalist Positions	399
1. Name Christadelphian Substituted for Christian	400
2. Epitome of Christadelphian Conditionalist Beliefs	400
3. Positions Unchanged in Current Writings	401
21. Farrar—Westminster Sermon Precipitates Crisis	404
I. Dean Farrar—Dramatically Repudiates “Dogma of Eternal Torment”	404
1. Repudiation Voiced in Abbey, on November 11, 1877	405
2. Expected Condemnation, but Received Widespread Approval	406
3. Widespread Publicity Followed by Concentrated Attack	407
II. Farrar’s Written Record of His Tremendous Researches	408
1. Scriptures Absolutely Silent on “Eternal Torture”	408
2. Dark Shadow of Augustine Falls on Medieval Theology	408
3. Deplores Specious Arguments for Endless Torment	409
4. Condemns Misuse of Texts Out of Context	409
5. Old Testament Jews Never Taught “Endless Torment”	409
6. Conditionalist Contentions Confirm Personal Views	410
7. Invokes Witness of German Scholars	410

8. Alexandrian Fathers Molded by Plato and Philo	411
9. Literal Interpretation Leads to Extinctionist View	411
III. Missionary Impey—Resignation From Methodist Ministry	412
1. Annual Declaration of Conformity Required	412
2. Resigns Over “Eternal Torment” Stipulation	413
3. Takes Stand in Noble Line of Dissentients	413
4. Restudy Touched Off by Farrar Repudiation	414
5. Punishment “Everlasting” Because “Final and Irreversible”	414
6. Takes Stand, With “So Help Me God”	415
7. Categorical Answers Required of Impey	415
8. Resigns Because Cannot Pledge “Silence”	415
9. Forty Years of Unbroken Service Ends	416
IV. Strang—Virile Conditionalist Editor and Scottish Polemicist	417
The Messenger a Reflector of Turbulent Times	418
May, 1878: Agitation Widespread	418
June, 1879: Macrae Deposed	418
January, 1883: Two Ministers Expelled	418
January, 1884: H. H. Dobney Lauded	419
June, 1884: Removal of Dublin Minister	419
May, 1884: Laudation of George Storrs	419
August, 1884: Typical Conference Reported	420
V. Thorough Investigation Leads to Strong Personal Convictions	420
1. Immortality of the Soul the Parent Error	420
2. Platonism Adopted Because of Immortal-Soulism	421
3. Philosophy Triumphs Over Pure Doctrine	421
4. Development of Conflicting but Paralleling Schools	422
VI. Laing—Effective Scottish Advocate of Conditionalism	422
1. Steps in Becoming a Conditionalist	423
2. Does Not Possess Separate Immortal Soul	424
VII. Ham—Bible Excludes Notion of Independent Immortality	425
1. Immortality Solely for Believer in Christ	425
2. Innate Immortality Counter to Inspiration	426
22. Periodicals Reflect Conflict and Advance	427
I. Bible Echo—Panoramic Portrayal of Conditionalist Advances	427
1. Bible Yields No Support for “Innatism”	427
2. Abundant Testimony Merits a “Verdict”	428
3. Address Challenged, and Conditionalist Accession	429
4. Dale Declaration Received With “Plaudits”	429
5. Swiss Minister Questioned but Approved	430
6. Dr. Dale’s Declaration of Faith	431
7. Dale Declaration Attacked by Christian World	432
8. Christian World Attack Challenged by Echo	432
9. Great Conditionalist Meeting in Chelsea	433
10. White on Conditionalist Twenty-three-Year Spread	434
11. Protests, Accessions, Repudiation, Advance	435
12. Numerous Tokens of Progress	435
13. L100-Offer for Missing Text	436
14. Multiple Provisions of “Life” Enshrined in Christ	436
15. Summarizing Statement on Conditionalism	437
II. Homiletic Monthly’s “Clerical Symposium on Immortality”	438
1. Stokes’s Strong Case for Conditionalism	438
2. White: Widespread Contemporary Revival of Conditionalism	440
3. Host of Contemporary Conditionalists Merit Hearing	441
III. Active Discussion in Leading Periodicals in 1878-1879	442
1. Dr. Dale Reaffirms Conditional Immortality Position	442
2. Contemporary Review Airs All Views	443
3. Symposiums Appear in Various Journals	443
IV. Denniston—Jamaican Frontier Conditionalist	443
1. Apologist for Primitive Gospel in Materialistic Age	444
2. Endless Suffering Is “Intolerably Oppressive”	445
3. Man Lost Immortality Through “Fall”	446
4. Destruction Both a “Process” and a “Termination”	446
5. Witness of Early Centuries to Conditionalism	446
V. Binney—In Maturity Repudiates Eternal Torment Thesis	447
VI. Westcott—Innate Immortality “Wholly Insufficient”	449
VII. Rotherham—Immortality Is “Contingent and Dependent”	449
23. Conditionalist Association and Extension Library	451
I. Conditional Immortality Association Formed in 1878	451
1. Lincoln Conference (Sept. 23-26, 1878)	454
2. Maberly Conference, London (Sept. 2-4, 1879)	455
3. Liverpool Conference (Sept. 7-9, 1880)	455
4. Bradford Conference (Sept. 6-8, 1881)	455
5. Salisbury Conference (Aug. 30-Sept. 1. 1882)	455
6. Eastbourne Conference (Sept. 4-6, 1883)	456
7. Glasgow Conference (Aug. 31-Sept. 2, 1884)	456

8. Second London Conference (Sept. 1-3, 1885)	456
9. Edinburgh Conference (Sept. 7-9. 1886)	457
10. Birmingham Conference (Sept. 6-8, 1887)	457
11. Second Lincoln Conference (Sept. 2-6, 1888)	457
12. Dartmouth Conference (Sept. 1-5. 1889)	457
13. Bacup Conference (Sept. 1-4, 1891)	457
14. Faith Fellowship Founded in 1894	458
15. Fifty Years of the Association-Mission (1878-1928)	458
II. Remarkable Conditionalist Faith Library Exerts Widespread Influence	459
1. Samplings of Titles and Writers	459
2. Comprehensive Extract From Little-known Writer	460
3. Historical Recitals Highly Helpful	461
4. Bible Argument Presented by Expert	461
5. Defense of Conditionalist Position and Array of Evidence	462
III. Conditionalism Expounded; and Challenged by Methodism	463
1. Silencing of Dr. Beet by Methodist Conference Action	464
2. Perplexing to British Weekly Editor	465
IV. Volume III—New Voices Add Strength and Significance	465
1. Dr. Clarke Summons Succession of Able Witnesses	466
2. Soul Is Capable of “Being Made Immortal”	467
3. Baptist Missionary to China Testifies	467
4. Engineer, Editor, and Vicar on Ultimate Destruction	467
5. L1000 Offer Repeated by Clarke for Missing Text	468
24. New World Voices Match Old World Witnesses	469
I. Moncrieff—Scottish-Canadian Voice Champions Conditionalism	469
1. Pioneer of Conditionalism in Scotland	470
2. Transfers to Canada; Issues Able Book	471
3. Wicked Return to Nonexistence	471
4. Departs From Conscious Existence	472
5. Endless Torment Makes “Mockery of Truth”	472
6. Second Death Is Final Destruction	473
7. All the Godless Reduced to Ashes	473
II. Blain—Devastating Blow Against Eternal-Torment Innovation	474
1. Appeals to Learned and to Prejudiced	474
2. Cannot Stand Before Light of Word	475
3. Sevenfold Scope of Book	475
4. Innate Immortality but Human Assumption	476
5. Analysis of Twenty “Destruction” Terms	476
6. No Doctrine Settled by Parables and Symbols	477
7. Popular Contentions Vitiate Bible Texts	478
III. Hudson—Lifts Conditionalism to Scholarly Level of Discussion	479
1. Adoption of Conditionalism Brings Loss of Pastorate	479
2. Scholarly Works Force Respectful Hearing	480
3. Believed Himself Called to Allotted Task	481
4. Penetrates to Heart of Issue	482
IV. Produces the American Conditionalist Classic	482
1. Divine Justice, and Man’s Free Moral Agency	483
2. Innate Immortality Not Taught or Implied in Scripture	483
3. Bible Meaning of “Second Death”	483
4. “Detention” Between Death and Resurrection	484
5. Accurate Handling of Historical Side	484
6. Masterful Survey of Witness of Centuries	485
7. Conditionalism the Coordinated Portrayal of Scripture	486
V. Abbot—Creator of Indispensable Aid for Evaluating Conditionalism	486
1. Bible Transcendent in All Doctrinal Issues	487
2. Matchless Bibliography Serves as Incomparable Check List	488
VI. Physician Ives—Man Mortal: Dead Asleep; Wicked Destroyed	489
1. How His Book Came to Be Written	490
2. Scripture Spiritualized to Sustain Immortal-Soulism	490
3. “Soul” Is “Entire Man” as “Complete Being”	491
4. Immortality Conferred on “Righteous Alone”	491
5. Fate of Wicked Is Death, Not Eternal Misery	492
6. Recapitulation: “Unconscious Sleep”; “Loss of Existence”	492
VII. Additional Features in Enlarged American Edition	492
1. “Innate Immortality” Derived From Plato—	493
2. “Unconscious” of Passing of Time in Death	493
3. Use of Protested Term “Annihilation”	493
4. Ives’s Appeal to the Clergy	493
5. Supplemental Word to Laymen	494
25. Representative Literature Matched by Able Pulpiteers	495
I. Pettingell—Major American Writer on Conditionalism in 1880’s	495
1. Gradual Change From Ostracism to Acceptance	496
II. Able Coverage of Historical, Philosophical, and Biblical Evidence	497
1. Contrasting Pages of Conflicting Schools’ Excerpts	498
2. Conflicting Views of the Opposing Schools	499

3. Introduction of Greek Platonism and Persian Dualism	500
4. Historical Tracement of “Deathless Nature” Concept	500
5. Origin and Transmission of “Deathless Nature” Theory	500
6. Three Conflicting Schools Tabulated	501
7. Arrested Reformation and Analogical Fallacies	501
8. Second Life Does Not Exclude Second Death	502
9. New Meanings Placed on Old Terms	502
10. Man Not Independently Existent	502
11. Death Is Utter Extinguishing of Life	503
12. Eternal Life Is Peculiar Glory of Christ	503
13. Two Classes and Two Destinies	504
14. First Life Transitory: Second Life Eternal	504
15. Overthrow and Abolishment of All Evil	505
III. Life Everlasting Appends “Symposium” With Twenty-one Participants	505
1. Platonism Penetrates Christianity; Both Are Modified	506
2. Contrast Between Platonism and Revelation	506
3. Paul’s Warning Unheeded, Resultant Apostasy Subverts	507
4. Reformation Failed to Repudiate Immortal-Soulism	507
IV. Henry Ward Beecher—Finally Repudiates Dogma of Eternal Torment	508
V. Lyman Abbott—Denies Innate Immortality and Eternal Torment	509
1. Rejects Both Universalism and Eternal Tormentism	509
2. Repudiates Pagan Teachings on Fate of Wicked	510
3. God Never Saves Soul Against Its Will	510
4. Popular Theology Ignores Whole Set of Texts	511
5. Misconstrues Original Intent and Use	511
VI. Harriet Beecher Stowe—Famous Author in Revolt	512
1. Harriet’s Essay on “Immortality” When Only Eleven	512
2. In Agony Over Involvements of Calvinism	513
3. Continuing Struggle Over Eternal Torment Problems	514
VII. Agnostic Ingersoll—Embittered by Eternal Torment Dogma	514
26. Spokesmen of Various Faiths Augment Chorus	516
I. Hendrickson—Truth of “Life in Christ” Unlocks “Hidden Mystery”	516
1. Conditionalist Position Gives New Grandeur to Preaching	516
2. The “Soul” Not a Separate Conscious Entity	517
3. Like “Rosetta Stone.” Resolves Hidden Mysteries	517
II. Professor Butler—Cloud Rolled Away From Face of God	518
1. Disillusioned by Fiendish “Portrays” in Rome	518
2. Found Elimination Only Enhanced Gospel System	519
III. Professor Bacon—Immortality “Conditional Upon the Act of God”	520
1. Immortality Is Conferred, Not Inherent	521
2. Rejects Eternal Torment and Innate Immortality	521
3. Indestructibility of Soul From Platonic Philosophy	521
4. Immortality a Gift, and Conditional	521
IV. Wilson—Eternal Life Only for Those “In Christ”	522
1. The Unanswerable Question—Why?	523
2. God Is Not a “Malignant Fiend”	523
3. Desperate Involvements of the Dogma	524
V. Hart—Goes to Very Heart of Provision of Immortality	524
1. Immortality Centers in Person of Christ	525
2. Theologians Start From Wrong Assumption Regarding Immortality	525
3. Deity, Incarnation, and Resurrection Are Basic	526
4. Paul’s Emphasis on Grace, Atonement, Life	526
5. The Ultimate Destruction of All Evil	527
6. Weigh the Two Systems—Choose the True	527
VI. Independent Kramer—Immortality Only for Believers in Christ	528
VII. Bishop Mann—Brilliant Midwest Champion of Conditionalism	529
1. Continuous Line of Dissenters Against Eternal Torment	529
2. Anglican Articles Contrasted With Other Catechisms	530
3. Restoration Unsupported by Scripture	530
4. If Soul Not Immortal, Eternal Torment Theory Collapses	531
5. Cogent Reasons Against Eternal Torment	532
6. Defends Position of Ultimate, Absolute “Destruction”	533
7. Pagan Religions Did Not Teach Immortality of Personality	533
8. Eternal Existence Only by God’s Permission	534
9. Immortality of Soul Not Taught in Bible	534
VIII. Baker—Man Not Inherently Immortal; Wicked Will Perish	535
1. Man “Not Inherently Immortal”	535
2. Eternal Life for Saints; Total Destruction for Sinners	536
3. Destruction Involves Dissolution of Elements	536
4. Three Conflicting Schools; One Is Right	536
27. Prominent Names Added to Conditionalist Roster	540
I. Time Due for Restudy and Settlement of Issues	540
1. Reformers Left “Middle State” for Present Consideration	540
II. Rector Huntington—Outspoken Champion of Conditional Immortality	542
1. Huntington Influenced by White and Hudson	544
2. Conditionalist Views Reaffirmed at Close of Life	544

3. Immortality a Gift Bestowed on Seekers	545
4. Ultimate and Utter Destruction of Wicked	545
5. Conditionalism Implicit in Anglican Formularies	546
6. Life Only in Christ in Prayer Book and Collects	546
7. Christ Opened “Gate of Everlasting Life”	547
III. Boardman—Innate Immortality Negates Resurrection	547
1. Natural Immortality Not Taught in Bible	548
2. Man Not Naturally or Inherently Immortal	549
3. Immortality Tied In With Tree of Life	550
4. Pagan Dualism Retained in Christian Theology	550
5. Analogies From Nature Are Deceptive	550
6. Innate Immortality a Denial of Life as Christ’s Gift	550
7. The Touchstone of Christianity Itself	551
8. Give Inspired Information About the Hereafter	551
9. Obligation of the Christian Ministry	552
10. Summarizing Excerpts on Conditionalism	552
IV. Phelps—Sweeping Portrayal of “Immortal Soul” Issues	552
1. Immortality of Soul “Has a Bad History”	553
2. “Heathen Philosophy” Becomes Predominant	554
3. “Jewish Belief” Corrupted by Association	554
4. “Christian Compromise Effected Slowly	554
5. “Papal Decree” Formally Officializes Dogma	555
6. “At Variance” With “Scriptural Account of Man’s Creation”	555
7. “Clashes” With “Bible Statement of Man’s Fall”	555
8. “Opposed” to “Scriptural Doctrine of Death”	555
9. “Equally Opposed” to “Physiological Facts”	556
10. “Immortality Nowhere Ascribed to Man’s “Present State”	556
11. “Blessing to Be Sought“: Not “Birthright Legacy”	557
12. “Inherent Immortality” Opposed to “Scripture Doom of Wicked”	557
13. “Supersedes Necessity for a Resurrection”	557
14. “Reduces the Judgment” to “Solemn Farce”	557
15. “Subverts” Bible Doctrine of Second Advent	558
16. Theory Is “Prolific Source” of “Error”	558
V. Gordon—Natural Immortality Substituted for Resurrection	558
1. Death Injected as the Object of Hope	560
2. Sexton’s Bell Has Supplanted Angel’s Trump	560
3. Premillennialism Discredited Under Roman Apostasy	561
4. Significant Address on “Recurrence of Doctrine	562
5. Eschatology to Be Final Battleground	563
6. Death Substituted for Second Advent	563
7. Resurrection “Broken From Its Biblical Moorings”	564
8. Forsaken Doctrines to Be Revived	564
28. Various Facets of Conditionalist Gem Presented	566
I. High Scholastic Caliber of Representative Conditionalists	566
II. Oliphant—Publicly Professes Conditionalism at Installation	567
1. Potentially, Not Innately, Immortal	568
2. Death Means Dissolution and Destruction	568
3. Probation Confined to This Life	569
4. Christ’s Resurrection Is Seal of Immortality	570
5. Rejects “Innate Immortality” and “Eternal Torment”	570
6. Denies “Indestructibility of the Soul”	570
7. Honors “Justice of God” and “Freedom of Man”	571
8. Conclusion Involves Rejection of Eternal Torment	571
9. Soul to Suffer, Then to Cease	571
10. Protests Term “Annihilation” as Misleading	571
11. After “Disorganization” Man Ceases	572
III. Episcopal Bishop Hopkins—Denies Eternal Torment Contention	572
IV. Parkhurst—Seeks Insurance Against Eventual Obliteration	573
V. Moomaw—Life Only in Christ; Total Destruction Without	574
1. Life of Soul Is Not Self-sustaining	575
2. Second Death Annihilates Body and Soul	575
VI. Edward Beecher—Scholarly Repudiator of Eternal Torment	576
1. Restudy of Eschatology Essential and Due	577
2. Penetration of Persian-Grecian Influence Into Jewry	578
3. Penetration of Conditionalism Into Christian Church	579
4. “Enoch’s” Theory of Culpability of Fallen Angels	579
5. Jewish Centers: Babylon, Alexandria, Palestine	580
6. Eternal Tormentism Becomes Authoritarian Under Justinian	580
7. Justin, Irenaeus, Arnobius, Hold to “Annihilation”	581
8. Origen’s Restorationism Condemned Under Justinian	582
9. African Tertullian-Augustinian School of Endless Torment	583
10. Repudiation of Eternal Torment Only Matter of Time	583
VII. Conditionalism Makes Increasing Friends Among Clergy	584
29. Transcends Language Lines and Overleaps National Boundaries	586
I. Olshausen—Immortality of Soul Theory Unknown to Scripture	586
1. Innate Immortality Utterly Foreign to Bible	586

II. Nitzsch—Have Only Contingent Immortality; May Cease	587
1. Perpetual Existence of Damned Not Biblical	587
2. No “Perpetual Existence” of Damned	588
III. Schultz—Immortality Contingent; Destruction to Be Total	588
1. Everlasting Life Only in God	588
2. Sinful Man Has Only “Transient” Life	589
3. Immortal Life Gained Solely From Christ	589
4. Total Destruction for the Reprobate	589
5. Convinced of Soundness of View in Retrospect	590
IV. High Lights of Dr. Schultz’s “Immortality” Treatise of 1861	590
1. Absolute Immortality Is Possession of God Alone	590
2. Innate Immortality Not Possessed by Any Creature	591
3. Mere Creation Did Not Assure Indestructibility	591
4. To Acquire Immortality Through Second Creation	592
5. Immortality for Man Possible Through Christ	592
6. “Second Death” Involves “Death Absolute”	592
V. Rothe—Suffering Ends in Extinction of the Wicked	593
1. Principal Conditionalist Advocate in Germany	593
2. Immortality Acquired: Personality of Wicked Extinguished	594
3. Sense of Aionios Is Restricted	594
4. Idea of Annihilation Is Involved	595
VI. Dorner—Destructionist Theory Gaining in Approval	595
VII. Other German Scholars Support Conditionalist View	596
VIII. Vinet—“I Do Not Believe in the Immortality of the Soul”	597
IX. Secretan—Rejects Both Eternal Torment and Universalism	598
1. No Infinite Punishment for a Finite Fault	598
2. No Impassable Barrier for Divine Power	599
3. Fatal Weakness of Universal Restoration	599
4. Predestined Candidate for Conditionalism	599
5. Annihilation Is Logical Consequence of Fall	600
X. Sabatier—Not All Are Immortal; Some Head for Dissolution	600
1. Denies Universal Innate Immortality	600
2. Death Involves Loss of Personality	600
XI. Philosopher De May—Soul Only Conditionally Immortal; Can Perish	601
30. Masterful Swiss and Belgian Voices Speak	602
I. Petavel—Greatest Conditionalist Treatise in French	602
1. Unique Introduction to Fellow Conditionalist White	603
2. Impelled to Declare Conditionalist Belief Publicly	604
3. University Lectures Stress Positive Side of Conditionalism	604
4. Constitutes Unifying Harmonious System	605
II. Five General Observations on Petavel’s Work	606
1. Masterful Knowledge of Conditionalist Literature	606
2. Masterful Grasp of Biblical Evidence	606
3. Clarification of Moral and Philosophical Issues	607
4. Remarkable Grasp of Philosophical and Historical Evidence	607
5. Consummation of Conditionalist Investigation	608
III. Petavel’s Masterful Presentation of Case for Conditionalism	609
1. Purpose: To Defend Doctrine of “Attainable Immortality”	609
2. “Conspiracy of Silence” Now Broken	610
3. Conditionalists Not “Innovators” but Continuators	610
4. Experimental Science Yields No Support for Innatism	611
5. In Death the Individual Ceases to Exist	611
6. Challenges Contention of “Universal Consent”	612
7. Platonism Contained Principle of Pantheism	612
8. Individualist Immortality Involves Godship	612
9. Platonism Only a “Hope,” Not “Demonstrated Truth”	613
10. Fundamental Intent of “Life” and “Death”	613
11. Creator Provided Conditional Not Inalienable Immortality	614
12. Innatism Penetrates Jewry Through Alexandria	614
13. Kabbalah Introduces “‘Emanation” and “Dualism”	615
14. Eternity of Life and of Nonexistence	615
15. Immortality Only Through Christ	616
16. Symbols of Immortality Perverted by Apostasy	617
17. Death: Final Extinction of All Faculties	617
18. Conditionalism Among Apostolic and Apologist Fathers	618
19. Compulsory Immortality in Eternal Hell	618
20. Revival of Conditionalism in Nineteenth Century	619
21. Universalism’s Fundamental Fallacy Revealed	619
22. Advantages and Superiority of Conditionalism	620
23. Multiple Excellencies of Bible Conditionalism	620
24. Fighting for Great but Still-misunderstood Truth	621
IV. Frederick Ash Freer—Stalwart Supporter of White and Petavel	621
1. Makes Major Contributions to Conditionalist Cause	622
2. A Synthesis of the Freer Contribution	623
V. Byse—First Advocate of Conditionalism in French Journals	625
31. Famous Premier, Pastor, and Scientist Testify	627

I. Gladstone—Immortal-Soulism Entered Church Through “Back Door”	627
Writings Include Question of Future Life	629
1. Variant Views Held in Early Christian Era	630
2. “Inherent” Immortality Not Ascendant Till Origen	631
3. “Wholesale” Acceptance by Time of Middle Ages	632
4. Immortal-Soulism Springs From Plato	632
5. Led Inevitably to “Eternal Torment” of Damned .,	633
6. Eternal Torment Dogma Established Through Augustine	633
7. Crept Into Church by “Back Door”	634
8. Immortal-Soulism “Wholly Unknown” to Scripture	635
9. “Philosophical Speculations” Disguised as Divine Revelation	635
10. Gladstone’s Definitive Description of “Conditionalism”	635
11. Gladstone’s Considered Conclusions in Summation	636
II. Joseph Parker—Outspoken “Conditionalist” and “Destructionist”	638
1. Optional: Receive Immortality or Choose Destruction	639
2. Evil Ends in “Utter, Final, Everlasting Extinction”	640
3. Indefeasible Immortality Is Palpably Absurd	640
4. Sodom an Example of “Everlasting Destruction”	640
III. Stokes—Man Not Innately Immortal; Only Through Redemption	641
1. Public Denial of Innate Immortality	641
2. Source of Immortality and the Intermediate State	642
3. Man Not Immortal Merely by Creation	642
4. Unfitted for Immortality, Christ Provides Remedy	643
5. Endowment With Immortality Only Through Redemption	644
6. Any “Natural Immortality” Forfeited Through Transgression	644
7. No Consciousness of Time in Intermediate State	644
8. Popular Theology Sets Aside Biblical Declarations	645
9. Assurance of Immortality Only in Christ	645
32. Paralleling Second Advent and Conditionalist Movements Merge	646
I. Two World Movements—Neither Complete in Itself	646
1. Advent Movement Omits Man’s Nature and Destiny	646
2. Movements Parallel but Do Not Merge	647
II. Relationships of the Two Major Adventist Bodies	647
1. Conditionalism Established in Advent Christian Church	647
2. Advent Christian Church Established in 1861	648
3. Main Adventist Groups Both Champion Conditionalism	649
III. World in Ferment in Mid-century Decades	651
1. Revolutionary World Developments Form Setting	651
2. Developments in Realm of Religion and Science	651
3. Mystical Studies Led to Subtle Speculation	651
4. Diversionary Perils Beset Basic Christian Faith	652
5. Eschatology Receives Setback From Evolution Theory	652
6. Theology Trilemma Again Ascendant in Nineteenth Century	653
7. Conditionalism’s Role in Theological Discussion	654
IV. Hastings—Virile American Exponent of Conditionalism	654
V. Grant—Conditionalist Debator, Editor, and Evangelist	655
1. Remarkable Assemblance of Documented Key Statements	656
VI. Taylor—Thumbnail History of Rejecters of Innate Immortality	657
1. First the Early Church, Then the Medieval Witness	657
2. Reformation and Post-Reformation Champions	658
3. The Great Nineteenth-Century Expansion	658
VII. Whitmore—Writes in Standard Conditionalist Pattern	659
1. Outline Follows Now-Standard Pattern	659
VIII. Wellcome—Publisher of Conditionalist Literature	660
IX. Piper—Popular Historical Sketch of Conditionalism’s Vicissitudes	661
X. Himes—In Later Life Espouses Conditionalism	662
XI. Nonevangelical “Jehovah’s Witnesses” Also Adopt Conditionalism	663
1. Rise and Organized Activities of the “Russellites”	664
2. Astonishing Publishing and Distribution Achievements	665
3. Beliefs as to Nature and Destiny of Man	666
33. Emergence of Seventh-day Adventists as Conditionalists	668
I. Underlying Reasons for Adventist Conditionalist Belief	668
1. Repudiation of Papal Perversions Imperative	668
2. Historical Setting and Motivation for Their Beliefs	669
II. Progressive Development of Fundamental Beliefs	669
1. Conferences Result in Unified Movement	669
2. Eschatology’s Part in the Development	670
3. Fundamental Beliefs Crystallized in “Manual”	670
III. James White—Organizational Leader Committed to Conditionalism	671
1. Word to the “Little Flock” Clearly Conditionalist	673
IV. Bates—With Conditionalist Background Supports Position	675
1. Clear Concepts in Earliest Adventist Tracts	675
2. Conditionalist Understanding Safeguards Against Spiritualism	676
V. Ellen Harmon—Accepts Conditionalist View in 1843	676
1. Mother Persuaded Soul Not Immortal	677
2. Soundness of Conditionalist View Apparent	678

VI. Andrews—Scholarly Writings Include Conditionalism	679
1. Eight Guiding Principles in Establishing Doctrinal Platform	679
VII. Canright—Able Compiler of Scholarly Findings	680
1. Gist of the Argument at a Glance	681
2. Two Popular Misconceptions Countered	681
3. Majority Never Accepted Platonism Contemporarily	682
4. A Summing Up of the Evidence	682
5. Earliest Hope Through Reliving of Body	683
6. Plato First Distinctly Taught Immortal-Soulism	684
7. Received Into Church Through Alexandrian School	684
8. Immortal-Soulism Not Held by “Apostolic Fathers”	684
9. Line of Ante-Nicene Fathers Held “Sleep” of Dead	685
10. Conditionalists From Luther to 1800	686
11. Modern Revolt Against the Traditional Positions	687
12. Canright Never Repudiated Scholarly Positions of Centuries	687
VIII. Smith—Presents Case for Conditionalism for Seventh-day Adventists	688
1. Not an Originator but a Perpetuator	689
IX. Examines Biblical Evidence for Conditionalism	690
1. Increasing Strength of Conditionalist Adherents	690
2. Bible Silent on Possession of “Undying Nature”	690
3. “Image of God” Does Not Involve Immortal Soul	690
4. “Soul” Not Immortal; “Spirit” Not Deathless	691
5. “Spirit” Not a Separate Conscious Entity	692
6. “Spirit” Is the “Principle of Life”	693
7. Extensive Draft on Conditionalist Authorities	693
8. Death: Cessation of Life of Whole Man	694
9. Paramount Place of the Resurrection	695
10. Relation of Judgment and Resurrection	695
11. Judgment Precludes Immediate Reward at Death	696
12. Special Word Zoe Designates Eternal Life	697
13. Origin of Conflicting Schools on Destiny	698
14. Punishment Is “Cutting Off” From Life	699
15. Fire Consumes; Does Not Infinitely Prolong	699
16. Final Doom Is Oblivion of Sinners	700
17. Smith a Perpetuator, Not a Pioneer	700
34. 1,500,000 Seventh-day Adventists Champion Conditionalism	702
I. Adventists—Largest Christian Body Holding to Conditionalism	702
1. Involvements of Conditionalism Listed	702
2. Fundamental Plank in Adventist Platform	703
3. Constituent Part of Uniform Baptismal Certificate	704
4. Line of Conditionalists Spans Christian Era	704
5. Standing in End Section of Impressive Line	705
6. Adventism’s Most Representative Conditionalist Spokesman	705
II. Unique Life and Writings of Ellen G. White	706
1. Her Early Life and Environs	706
2. Adult Life Tied in With Adventist Church	707
3. Establishes Remarkable Writing Record	708
4. Extraordinary Tribute by George Wharton James	708
5. Ten Basic Principles Characterize E. G. White Writings	709
III. Amazing Time Span, Sheer Output, and Range of Subjects	710
1. Mere Pagination of Principal Works Impressive	710
2. Tremendous Circulation of Leading Books	711
3. Wide Diversity of Subject Matter	711
4. Greatest Works Written After Sixty-five	712
IV. Scholars Laud Special Writings of E. G. White	712
1. Columbia University Professor Praises Education Principles	712
2. Nutritional Counsels Verified by Scientific Advances	713
3. Better Health Would Result From Teachings	713
4. Uttered in Advance of Scientific Discoveries	714
35. Presenting the Adventist Case for Conditionalism	715
I. “Conflict of Ages” Series Sets Forth Conditionalist Position	715
1. Man’s Free Choice and Moral Accountability	715
2. Obedience Indispensable Condition of Existence	717
3. “Doomed to Death” on Day of Transgression	717
4. Man’s Plight Necessitated Plan of Redemption	718
5. Divine Sentence Involves “Utter Extinction” of Sinner	719
6. Immortality Regained “Only Through Christ”	719
II. Innate Immortality Concept Rests on “Authority of Satan”	719
1. Paralleling Eternal Torment Corollary	720
2. Eternal Torment for Brief Earthly Life Revolting	720
3. Shocking Involvements of Universalist Alternative	720
4. Eternal Misery and Universalism Equally Erroneous	721
5. Unchanging Conditionalist Tenor of Her Teaching	722
III. Immortality Received at Resurrection After Sleep of Death	722
1. Wholly Dependent Upon Christ for Immortality	722
2. Dead Sleep Unconsciously Until Resurrection	723

IV. Basic Fallacy of Immortal-Soul Presumption	723
1. Innatism and “Eternal Torment” Both Unscriptural	723
2. Testimony of Old Testament Adduced	724
3. Witness of Peter and Paul Marshaled	724
4. Nullifies Need of Previous Judgment	725
5. Fallacy of Innatism Attacked by Luther	725
6. Awake From Sleep to Glorious Immortality	726
V. Full Justification for Sinner’s Ultimate Extinction	726
1. Retributive Justice Accords With God’s Character	727
2. Retribution for Good Both of Universe and Transgressors	727
3. No Forced Universalism in Divine Plan	727
4. Contrasting Principles of Life and Death	728
5. Justice Requires Degrees of Punishment	728
6. Ultimate Obliteration of Sin and Sinners	729
VI. Three Problem Passages Clearly Expounded	729
1. Primary Lesson of the Transfiguration	729
2. Parable Refutes a Second Probation	730
3. Christ’s Assurance to Dying Thief	731
VII. Spiritualism the Consummation of the Lie of Eden	732
1. Built on Concept of “Consciousness in Death”	732
2. Spiritualism Constitutes the Perfect “Counterfeit”	733
3. Exalts Wicked to Honored Places in Heaven	733
4. Mysterious Phenomena Not All Trickery	733
5. Miraculous Events Wrought by Satan’s Agents	734
6. Now Employs More Appealing Approaches	734
VIII. Inner Philosophy Based on Principle of Desire for Deification	734
1. Grave Perils Lurk Behind Pleasing Front	735
2. Is Merely Revival of Ancient Witchcraft	735
3. Character Unchanged Despite Modern Camouflages	736
4. Consummation of the Lie of Eden	736
5. Spiritualism Makes “Path to Hell” Attractive	736
6. Among First to Expose Spiritualism’s Sinister Character	737
IX. Materialization of “Spirits” Is Deceptive Device	738
1. Demonic Spirit Impersonated Prophet Samuel	738
2. Popular Claims Flout Divine Stipulations	738
3. “Communion With Dead” Is Foundation of Heathenism	738
4. Evil Angels Simulate “Spirits of Dead”	739
5. Fraudulent Because Dead Are Incommunicado	739
6. Apostle Forbids “Fellowship” With Devils	740
7. Vicious Purpose of Demonic Message	740
36. Twentieth Century—Epoch of Far-reaching Expansion	747
I. Comprehensive Over-all View of Current Living Witnesses	747
1. Revolt Now Worldwide in Extent	748
2. Witnesses Presented Chronologically by Decades	748
II. Archbishop Temple Presents the Case for Conditionalism	749
1. Annihilation—Not Eternal Torment of Sinners	749
2. Catholicism’s Fourfold Destination of the Soul	751
3. Purgatory Eliminated From Reformation Categories	751
4. Heaven and Hell Left as Terrible Alternatives	752
5. Modern Revulsion Against Eternal Torment	752
6. Future Life Based on Resurrection	753
7. The Platonic Concept of Immortality	753
8. Immortality Offered to Man Conditionally	754
9. Everlasting Punishment Not Unending Torment	754
10. Rejecters of God’s Offer Are to Be Destroyed	755
11. Immortality Offered Through Resurrection	755
12. Man Not Innately but Conditionally Immortal	756
13. Temple Presents Consistent View of Anglican Church	756
III. Danish Beck and Teisen—Champions of Conditionalism	757
1. Beck: Dead Sleep Unconsciously Till Resurrection	757
2. Teisen: Wicked to Be “Utterly Consumed”	758
IV. Swedish Cleric Ekman—“Unquenchable Fire” Totally Consumes	759
1. Fires Go Out After Consuming	759
2. Victims Finally Cease to Be	760
V. Dean Bennett—Willfully Wicked to Be Completely Destroyed	760
1. Innatism No Rightful Part of Christianity	760
2. No Created Being Can Be More Than “Immortable”	761
3. Fundamental Fallacy of Innate Immortality	761
4. “Sleep” for Death	762
5. “Everlasting Fire” Not Endless Duration but “Destruction”	762
VI. Cambridge’s Dodd—No Innate Immortality in Bible	763
VII. St. Paul’s Dean Matthews—Favors Conditional Immortality	763
1. Sin Brings Its Own Destruction	764
2. Self-determination Involves Risk of Disaster	764
3. Wrong Choice Leads to Destruction	765
VIII. Translator Moffatt—Challenges Eternal Torment; Commends Conditionalism	765

37. Lutheran Bishop, Catholic Cardinal, and Anglican Rector Speak Out	767
I. Sweden’s Bishop Personne—Sweeping Denial of “Eternal Torment”	757
1. Man’s Destiny—“Weakest Point” in Confessional Writings	767
2. “Intermediate State” Is “Kingdom of Death”	769
3. Dogma of “Eternal Suffering” Is Wholly “Unbiblical”	769
4. Augsburg Confession Dictum Not Founded on Bible	769
5. Anguish of Damned Precludes Joy for Saved	770
6. Frightful Interpretation Invoked to Sustain Fallacy	771
II. Cardinal Billot—Dead “Sleep” Until Appointed Awakening	772
1. Man’s Fate Fixed Immovably at Death	772
2. Sleeps in Death Until General Awakening	773
III. Anglican Waller—Valuable Handbook for Conditionalists	774
IV. Remarkable Scope of Ground Covered	775
1. All Faculties and Powers Cease at Death	775
2. Total Unconsciousness in “Gravedom”	776
3. Fires of “Gehenna” Only After Resurrection	776
4. As AH Powers Cease, So All Powers Restored	777
5. Innate Immortality of “Heathen Origin”	777
6. Death and Mortality From Disobedience	777
7. No Disembodied “Spirits” Survive Death	778
8. “Sleep” Implies Unconsciousness and Later Awakening	778
9. No Resurrection of Lower Animals	778
10. Man’s Pre-eminence Over the Beasts	779
11. No Immortality Until Resurrection	779
12. Resurrection Reconstitutes Complete Organism	779
13. No Consciousness During Intermediate State	779
14. Samplers From Ten Summarizing Points	780
38. Swedish, English, Scottish, and American Voices Attest	782
I. Bishop Nygren—Scholarly Portrayal of “Innatism” v. Conditionalism	782
1. Platonism and Christianity in Battle and Compromise	783
2. Orphic “Soul,” Body-Prison, and “Liberation”	783
3. “Eros”—Innate Immortality; “Agape”—Resurrection	784
4. Innate Immortality Concept Held “Not Christian”	785
5. Origen: Body Is Spirit’s “Prison-House”	786
6. Irenaeus Rejects “Natural Immortality” Concept	787
II. Bristol’s Findlay—Conditionalism Both “Reasonable and Consistent”	788
“Conditional Immortality” and “Destructive Fire”	788
III. Boston’s Knudson—Growing Rejection of Eternal Torment Theory	789
IV. Swedish Bishop Andrae—Resurrection Life, Not Discarnate Existence	789
1. Death Means Destruction of Consciousness	790
2. Resurrection of Body and Soul as “Entity”	790
V. Edinburgh’s Baillie—Admits “Conditionalism May Be Right”	791
1. Platonism Traced Back to Animistic Sources	791
2. Conditionalist Position May Be “Right”	792
3. The Hope of Christian Expectation	792
VI. Scotland’s Stewart—Pauline Truth v. Greek and Jewish Errors	792
1. Antecedents and Consequents of Salvation	793
2. Fallacy of Surviving Disembodied Spirits	794
3. “Crass Materialism” of Jewish Concepts	794
4. Twin Blessings of the Second Advent	794
VII. Bible College Forbes—No “Infinite Torture for Finite Sin”	795
1. Did Christ Suffer “Infinite” Punishment?	795
2. Testimony of Twelve Conditionalists Cited	796
3. Christ’s “Full Penalty” Precludes Eternal Torment	797
VIII. Bowman American Tract—Arrays Plato Against Paul	797
1. Paul’s “Revelation” v. Plato’s “Speculation”	797
2. “Revival” of Dead v. “Survival” of Soul	798
3. Paul Accords With Scripture; Plato Contradicts It	798
4. Paul Honors Body; Plato Depreciates It	798
5. Stock Phrases of “Platonized Theology” Listed	799
IX. Oxford’s Quick—Man Wholly Dies Before Totally Living	800
1. Immortality Is Gift of Death-conquering Christ	800
2. “Heavenly Life” Not Through “Liberation of Soul”	801
X. Swedish Bishop Cullberg—Soul Is “as Mortal” as Body	802
39. Group Statements and Individual Utterances Concur	803
I. Archdeacon Guillebaud—Ultimate Extinction for Wicked	803
1. How “The Righteous Judge” Came to Be Written	804
2. Outline and Scope of the Manuscript	805
3. Innate Immortality Not Declared in Scripture	806
4. “Image of God” Does Not Denote Immortality	806
5. Hostile Hell “Corner” to All Eternity “Unthinkable”	807
6. Eternal Punishment May End “Existence” Forever	807
7. Penal Suffering Not to Continue Forever	807
8. Ultimate Extinction of Existence for Wicked	807
9. Memorial of God’s “Righteous Judgment”	808

10. Satan’s Existence Shall “Come to an End”	808
11. Not All “Suffer Equally” in “Second Death”	808
12. Judgment “Irreversible and Final” in Issues	809
13. Bowing of “Every Knee” Not Universal Salvation	809
II. Guillebaud’s Summary of Conclusions	810
1. No Eternal Consciousness of Existence for Wicked	810
2. Penal Punishment Does Not Involve. “Everlasting Torment”	811
3. A Destruction With No Return	811
4. God Cannot Tolerate Eternal Rebellion	812
5. Separate From Sin or Perish With Sin	812
6. Twofold Basis for Guillebaud’s Conclusions	813
7. Inconsistency of Evolutionists’ Objections to Conditionalism—	813
III. Mansfield’s Micklem—Innate Immortality Is Greek, Not Biblical	814
IV. Anglican Commission—“Eternal Life” Only for “Believers in Christ”	815
1. Formal Report of Commission of Fifty	815
2. Content and Scope of the “Eternal Gospel”	817
3. Future Life Is of the “Whole Man”	817
4. Judgment Involves Separation and Destruction of Evil	817
5. Universal Innate Immortality a “Greek” Concept	818
6. The Gospel Escape From Everlasting Death	818
V. Sweden’s Kahnlund—Creative Resurrection Bestows Immortality	819
VI. Schoolmaster Cundy—Resurrection. Not. Survival of Separated Souls	820
1. Life Spark Must Come From Outside	820
2. Bodiless Survival of Soul a “Pagan Notion”	821
3. Eternal Hell Not Foregone Conclusion	821
4. Second Death Extinguishes Personality	821
VII. Wesley’s Snaith—Innate Immortality Not “Biblical Idea”	822
1. No Independent Survival Disclosed in Bible	822
2. All Who Cling to Sin to Be Destroyed	822
3. No “Immortal Soul” That “Survives Death”	825
VIII. Birmingham’s Major—Fire Unextinguishable Consumes Its Victims	823
40. Dutch, Scotch, Welsh, English, Swedish, American, Swiss. Testify	825
I. Gronigen’s Leeuw—Soul Ceases to Exist Until Resurrection	825
1. Even the Soul Dies in Death	826
2. Will Receive Immortality at Resurrection	826
II. Edinburgh’s Taylor—Second Death Is “Suicide” Death	827
1. Rebellious Can Refuse to Respond	827
III. Beasley-Murray—Survival of Soul Only Would Be Fragmentary	828
1. Resurrection Is Reintegration of Whole Man	828
IV. Welsh Dean North—Body Necessary for Resurrected Personality	829
1. Survival Not an Inalienable Right	829
V. Free Church’s Vine—Man Not Immortal, but “Immortizable”	830
1. Man an “Integrated Unit,” Not. a Dualism	830
2. God Only Has “Natural Immortality”	831
3. “Natural Immortality” of Man a “Greek Concept”	831
4. Man “Not a Spirit inhabiting a Body”	831
5. Disintegration Ends “Human Biotic Unit”	832
VI. Swedish Bishop Aulen—Immortality Divine “Gift,” Not “Human Prerogative”	833
1. Greek Dualism vs. Christian Concept of Salvation	833
2. “Eternal Life” Not Natural “Prerogative” but Resurrection “Gift”	834
3. Body-Soul Distinction Foreign to “Resurrection Faith”	834
4. Innate Immortality “Foreign to Faith”	834
5. Unequivocally Opposed to Spiritualism’s Fantasies	835
VII. Lutheran’s Heinecken—Man Has No Inherent Immortality	836
1. Dualistic Concept False; Man a “Unity”	836
2. Vital Relationship of Creator and Creature	837
3. Misconceptions Lead to Depreciating the Resurrection	837
4. Unconscious of Passing Time Till Resurrection	837
5. “Separable Soul” Unknown to Bible	838
6. The Way to Eternal Life Set Forth	838
7. No One Has Life in and of Himself	838
VIII. Union’s Niebuhr—Sole Hope of Survival Lies in Resurrection	839
1. Classical Pagan Concept Supplants “Biblical” View	839
2. Resurrection Teaching Supplanted by Immortal-Soulism	840
3. Contrast Between “Resurrection” and “Immortality”	840
IX. Harvard’s Dean Sperry—Sinners Vanish Into Eternal “Nothingness”	840
1. Destiny of the “Undeviating Sinner”	841
41. Rectors, Deans, Bishops, Professors, and Editors	84?
I. Rector Simcox—Not a “Guess” About the “Grand Perhaps”	842
1. Innate Immortality Only a Theory	843
2. Innatism Not Biblical, Merely Greek Philosophy	843
3. Man a Unit, Not a Duality	844
4. Transfers Hope From Man to God	845
II. Princeton’s Ramsey—Immortality Derivative, Not Inherent	845
1. Platonic Error v. Christian Truth	846

III. Dean Vidler—“Inherent” Immortality Not Biblical Doctrine	846
1. Term Not in Bible or Early Creeds	847
2. Resurrected Men Not “Disembodied Spirits”	847
3. “Whole Man” Dies, “Every Part of Him”	848
IV. Caird of McGill—Resurrection Restores “Whole Personality”	848
V. Woolwich’s Bishop Robinson—Fundamental Fallacies of Immortal-Soulism	849
1. Involves Ultimate Loss of Personality	849
2. Whole Man Dies; Whole Man Raised	850
3. Resurrection Does Not Take Place at Death	850
VI. Augustana’s Wahlstrom—“Resurrection” Only Hope of Future Life	851
VII. Hartford’s Spinka---Rejects “Damned to Eternal Torments”	851
VIII. Pike and Pittenger—Not “Indestructible” Nature, but Resurrection	852
1. “Indestructible” Soul v. Re-created “Body-Soul”	853
2. “Plausible Theory” v. Resurrection Fact	853
3. Innatism Defective; Resurrection Complete	853
IX. Temple’s Taylor—Denies Presumptive “Deathlessness” of the Soul	854
X. Rector Davies—Immortal-Soulism Not Biblical but Greek	855
1. “Created for Immortality” but Became “Mortal”	855
2. Immortal-Soulism Derived From Greek Philosophy	856
3. Man a “Unity,” Not “Two Separate Entities”	857
4. Not “Truncated Creature”—Resurrection of Whole Person	858
5. Sin Involves “Final Destruction” of Soul	858
XI. Edinburgh’s Manson—Resurrection Transforms “Mortal Nature”	859
XII. Stockholm’s Bolander—Deliverance Not Through Death, but Resurrection	860
XIII. Manchester’s Manson—Man Sleeps in Death	860
1. “Falling Asleep and Waking Up”	861
2. Continuity of Personality Through Resurrection	861
XIV. Tubingen’s Heim—No Continuance in “Disembodied State”	862
XV. Canadian Commentator Short—Not “Inherently Immortal”	862
42. New and Old World Spokesmen Probe Heart of Problem	866
I. Queen’s Shaw—Favors Conditionalism; Rejects Eternal Torment	866
1. “Embodied Existence,” Not “Disembodied Spirit”	867
2. “Eternal Fire” Suggests “Ultimate Destruction”	868
3. Not Immortal by “Nature” or “Constitution”	869
4. Historical Lineage of Conditional Immortality	869
5. “Ultimate Extinction” for Incorrigibles	870
II. Drew’s Craig—Immortality Not Inherent but “Put On”	870
1. Platonic Immortality Involved “Divination”	871
III. Boston’s De Wolf—No Inescapable “Everlasting Torture”	872
IV. Archeologist Wright—Eternity Entered by “Resurrection of Body”	872
V. Theological Debate in Scandinavia Over “Hell” and “Heaven”	873
1. Bishop Schjelderup Challenges Professor Hallesby	873
2. Similar Debate Projected by Lindhardt in Denmark	874
VI. Lutheran Kantonen—No Inherent Capacity to Overleap Tomb	875
1. Historical Vicissitudes of the “Hope”	875
2. Three Schools Develop as to Eschatology	876
3. Paganism Penetrates Church in Formative Period	876
4. Greek View “Entirely Foreign” to “Bible” Position	877
5. Existence After Death Only by Resurrection	877
6. “Soul” Is “Destructible” as Well as “Body”	878
7. Luther’s Emphasis on Scriptural “Sleep”	879
8. Unconscious of Passage of Time in Slumber	879
9. Fate of Wicked Simply Destruction	880
VII. Richmond’s Roberts—Immortality a Gift, Not a Possession	880
VIII. Atkinson of Cambridge—Man Not Immortal; Punishing Not Eternal	881
1. Man Not “Immortal Soul” Imprisoned in a “Body”	882
2. Old Eden and New Paradise on New Earth	883
3. God Gave the Ultimate Criterion of Right and Wrong	884
4. Sinner Subject to Irremediable Second Death	884
5. Not “Eternal ... Torment” but “Everlasting Destruction”	885
6. Tempting “Serpent” Was Satan Himself	885
7. Scope of the Serpent’s Temptation	885
8. Death Not Continuing Discarnate Living	886
9. Divine Provision for Redemption	887
10. No Eternal Life in Sin and Torment	887
43. Various Accusing Fingers Incriminate Platonism	889
I. Toronto’s Owen—“Greek Dualism” Perverted Christian Theology	889
1. No “Independent” Soul in a “Corruptible Body”	890
2. Philosophy of “Dualism” From Greeks	891
3. “Dualism” Is Integral Part of Platonism	891
4. Biblical “Resurrection” Opposed to “Orphic Eschatology”	891
5. “Intermediate State” Leads to Purgatory Concept	892
6. “Death Knell” of Dualism Sounded	892
7. “Biblical View” Totally Different From Traditional	893

II. Zurich’s Brunner—Sinner Brings “Eternal Destruction” Upon Himself	894
1. Platonic Innatism. Is Not “biblical”	894
2. Sinner Deprives Himself of Eternal Life	894
3. Pagan Origin of Soul-Survival Concept	895
4. Platonic Innatism Assimilated by Catholicism	895
5. Sinister Implications of “Platonic Dualism”	896
6. Fantasies of Platonism v. Revelation of God	896
7. Death Springs From Human “Rebellion”	897
8. Greek Philosophy Irreconcilable With Divine Revelation	897
9. Created and Destined for Eternal Life	897
III. Aberdeen’s Hunter—Pauline Truth Exposes Platonic Error	898
1. Revival of Eschatology Unmasks Greek Influences	898
2. Immortality “Gift of God,” Not Innately Ours	899
3. Not “Disembodied” Spirits but “Whole Men”	899
IV. India’s Bishop Newbigin—Resurrection Not Immortality	899
V. Disciples’ Robinson—“Bodiless Existence” of Greek Innatism Invalid	900
1. No Warrant for a “Bodiless Existence”	901
VI. Erlangen’s Stauffer—Dead “Sleep” Under God’s Protective Eye	901
1. Christian’s Resurrection Opposed to Greek Innatism	901
VII. Wesleyan’s Spurrier—Rejects Platonic Soul Separation	902
VIII. Union’s Brown—Not Greek Innate Immortality but Resurrection	903
1. Greek and Biblical Concepts in Total Conflict	903
2. Paul’s Emphasis on Resurrection, Not Soul Survival	904
3. “Total Personality” Restored by Resurrection	904
IX. Switzerland’s Kraemer—Innatism Not Biblical but Greek	905
X. Presbyterian Bible Lesson Presents “Immortality Through Christ”	906
1. Resurrection Is Guarantee of Life to Come	906
2. Immortality Is From God, Not Man	906
3. Redemption of the Whole Man	907
4. Life Because of God, Not of Man	907
XI. Hooke of London Greek Inherent Immortality Not in Bible	908
XII. Oral Declaration of Late Keswick Teacher, W. Graham Scroggie	908
44. Conservatives, Liberals, Even Catholics Speak Out	912
I. Switzerland’s Cullmann—Eminent Champion of Conditionalism	913
1. Creative Resurrection Restores Whole Man	913
2. Body Not Soul’s “Prison” but “Temple”	914
3. Resurrection Not at Death but at “End”	915
4. Whole Creation to Be Formed Anew	915
5. Resurrection Does Not Occur at Death	916
II. Manchester’s Rowley—Greek Immortal-Soulism a Deception	917
III. Edinburgh’s Read—Not Something “Released at Death”	918
IV. Catholic Tresmontant—Not Part but “Whole Man” Saved	918
1. Paul’s Frontal Attack on Greek Philosophy	919
2. The Offense of “Creation” to the Hellenic Mind	919
3. Mystery Religion “Immortality” v. Judaeo-Christian “Resurrection”	920
4. Orphic Concept of Souls v. Biblican Resurrection	920
5. Irreversibility of God and Eternal Returning of Paganism	920
V. Dominican Tremel—Not “Natural Immortality“: “Resurrection” After “Sleep”	921
1. Innate “Immortality” Is Relic of Pagan Philosophy	921
VI. Earlham’s Trueblood—Disavows an “Eternal Hell”	922
1. Scientifico-Philosophic Evidence Worthless	923
VII. Harvard’s Tillich—“Natural” Immortality Not “Christian Doctrine”	924
VIII. Harvard’s Hocking—Not “Immortality” but “Immortability”	925
1. Not “Immortality” but “Immortability”	925
2. Wicked Not “Doomed” to Everlasting Continuance	925
3. No “Personal Living” Without “Bodiliness”	926
IX. Princeton’s Homrighausen—Questions Independent Persistence of Spirit	926
X. Methodist Perry—No “Disembodied Existence” Beyond Death	926
XI. Adventists Reiterate Conditionalism in 1957 Statement	927
XII. Colgate-Rochester’s Hamilton—Platonic Assurance a “Lie”	929
XIII. Drew’s Anderson—Mortality of Man v. Greek Immortal-Soulism	929
XIV. Chaplain Irion—“Philosophical” Immortality Contradicts Biblical “Resurrection”	930
XV. Marburg’s Bultmann—Man a Unified Organism, Not Dualistic	931
XVI. Ceylon’s Niles—Not “Natural Immortality” but “Resurrection”	931
45. Sixth Decade Closes With Significant Presentation	936
I. Moravian’s Heller—Immortality Not of Man, but From God	936
1. Recent Scholarship Challenges Traditional “Dualism”	937
2. Man Not “Half Mortal” and “Half Immortal”	938
3. Life After Death “Rests” on “Immortality of God”	938
4. Life Not “Inalienable” Possession but “Loan” From God	939
II. San Francisco’s Gill—“Discarnate” Spirit Idea Not Sanctioned by Bible	940
1. Challenges Contention of “Discarnate Souls”	940
2. Whole Men Die; Whole Men Are Re-created	940
3. “Discarnates” Not in “Biblical Picture”	941
III. Canadian “United Church” Committee Report on “Life and Death”	941

1. Committee “Suspect” “Eternal Punishment”	942
2. Immortality “Put On” at Resurrection	943
3. Hope in “Resurrection,” Not in “Natural Immortality”	943
4. Separable Soul and Body Not Biblical but Platonic	943
5. Only God “Possesses Immortality” by “Nature”	944
6. Immortality Not an Inherent Possession	944
7. Eternal Lite Brought to “Perfection” at Second Advent	945
8. Two Views—“Death-Sleep” v. Resurrection at Death	945
9. Afterlife Depends on Resurrection	945
10. Purgatory and Spiritualism Not Biblical	946
11. Leans Toward Universalism on Destiny of Wicked	946
IV. Von Allmen and Associates—Conditionalist Terms Defined	947
1. “Second Death” and Thief on Cross	947
2. Death a “Sleep”; No Innate Immortality	948
3. Eternal Destruction Not Eternal Torment	948
4. Eternal Life “Wholly New Life”	949
5. Man Mortal; God Immortal	949
6. Human Life Is Derived Life	950
7. Does Not Possess Independent Existence	950
8. Man “Not Created Immortal”	951
9. “Gehenna” Connotes the “Second Death”	951
V. St. Aldate’s De Berry—Not Eternal Torment, but “Annihilation”	952
1. Catholic Position: Eternal Consciousness in Hell	952
2. Not “Everlasting Torment” but “Annihilation”	953
VI. Handsworth’s Strawson—Eternal Life a Gift, Not Inherent	953
1. Gift of Life and Destruction of Lost	954
2. Fate at Death “Unchangeable and Final”	954
3. Sinner Perishes Because Without Innate Life	954
4. Future Life Not Inevitable Possession	955
46. Augmented Influences Radiate to Ends of Earth	956
I. New College’s Simpson—Man “Immort-able” Not Innately Immortal	957
1. “Immortal Soul” Neither Biblical Phrase nor Concept	957
2. Universalism Belittles Fatefulness of Life	958
II. Amsterdam’s Korff and Van Niftrik—Innatism Alien to Bible	959
1. Van Niftrik Concurs in Denial of Platonism	960
III. St. Paul’s Holden—Dead All “Sleep” Till Second Advent	961
1. Dead Are in “Place of Waiting”	961
2. All the Dead in State of Sleep	962
3. Sleeper Awaits Sound of Angel’s Trump	962
IV. Baptist Andrews—Hellenic Inroads Neutralize Early “Hopee”	963
1. Blanketing Hellenic “Fog” Envelopes Early Faith	963
2. Greek Emphasis on “Path of Escape”	964
3. If Soul in Heaven or Hell No Need of Advent	964
4. Calvin’s Immortal-Soulism Neutralizes “Consummation”	965
V. Drew’s Michalson—No Immortality Apart From Resurrection	966
1. Souls Do Not Exist Independent of Bodies	966
2. Not Innate Immortality But Resurrection	967
VI. Swedish-American Princell—Sinner’s Punishment Comes to an End	968
1. Sinner’s Punishment Lasts Forever	968
2. No Eternal Suffering in God’s New Universe	968
VII. British Conditionalist Sceats—Veteran Champion of Conditionalism	969
VIII. Three Afrikaans Theologians Voice Conditionalist Positions	970
1. Seminary Professor Keet—No Innate Immortality in Bible	970
2. Pretoria’s Professor Marais—Soul Rests in “Realm of Death”	970
3. Cape Town Pastor Heyns—Whole Man Is “Prey of Death”	971
47. Mass Communications Media Present Conditionalism	972
I. Richards—Worldwide Broadcasts Witness to Conditionalism	972
1. Divine Revelation Instead of Human Speculation	974
2. Three Views Concerning “Immortality”	975
3. If Man Is Immortal, Warning Concerning Death Is Invalid	976
4. Immortal Sinners and Moral Apostasy	976
5. God, Not Man, Inherently Immortal	977
6. Immortality Obtained Solely as Gift to Be Sought	977
7. Gospel Is Good News of Immortality Through Christ	978
8. Immortality Bestowed by Christ at Second Advent	978
9. Sole Hope Through the Resurrection	978
10. Divine Revelation Answers Universal Question	979
II. Fagal—210-Station Telecasts Include Conditionalism	979
1. Waiting in Hope for the Resurrection	980
2. Man Totally Unconscious During Death-Sleep	981
3. Christian Hope Is in Pledge of Resurrection	982
4. Spirit Not Entity Capable of Separate Existence	982
5. Spirit Is Spark or Principle of Life	983
6. Fires of Hell Not Burning at Present	983
7. Punished With Destruction at End of World	984

8. After Punishment Wicked Cease to Exist	984
9. Mercifully Destroys Spurners of Proffered Life	985
III. Vandeman—Covering Whole Regions, Stresses Conditionalism	986
1. Unmasking the Psychic Masqueraders	986
2. Gospel Provision of Immortality	987
3. Hoax Perpetrated by Fallen Angels	987
4. The Other Side of Death	988
5. What Happens to Man at Death?	989
6. Resurrection Promise Rocked Pagan World	989
IV. Remarkable Total Testimony of Entire Denomination	990
1. Huge Literature Distribution Supports Conditionalism	990
2. Avowal of Conditionalism Prerequisite to Baptism	991
3. Educational System Committed to Conditionalism	991
48. Important Contributions Conclude Current Survey	992
I. Unique and Valuable Collation by Moses Crouse	993
1. Growing Group Denies Bible Basis for Innatism	994
2. Bible Does Not Teach Inherent Immortality	994
3. Wide Denominational and Geographical Spread	995
4. Galaxy of Illustrious Names Cited	9%
5. Remarkable Range of Scholarship Represented	997
6. Greek Origin of Innatism Widely Perceived	997
7. Ground Swell of Revolt Under Way	997
8. Resurgence of Bible Study Brings Corrective Swing	998
II. National Council’s Swaim—Immortality a “Gift,” Not “Inherent” Endowment	999
1. “Notion” of Immortal Soul Not Biblical, but Greek	999
2. Man Only “Immort-able”; God Alone Immortal	1000
3. Not Native Endowment but Gift of God	1000
III. McCormick’s Knight—Innatism Based on Apocrypha Not Bible	1001
1. Resurrection Proffered Hope of “Life After Death”	1001
2. Reformers “Shaken” Away From Medieval Innatism	1002
3. Soul Not Self-existing “Separable” Entity	1003
IV. Western’s Cocks—Man Lives Again Only by Resurrection	1004
V. Catholic Professor-Editor Davis—Innatism “Alien to Christianity”	1004
VI. Princeton’s Hendry—Reinterprets “Westminster’s” Statements	1005
1. Anglican Origin of Presbyterian Confession	1006
2. Present-Day Reservations Re the Confession	1007
3. Propriety of Taking “Exception” Explained	1008
4. Present-Day “Journey” May Require Revision of “Map”	1008
5. Dogmatism in “Shadowy Region Beyond Death”	1009
6. Not New Confession, hut Adjustments of Old	1010
7. Immortality of Soul Derived From Plato	1010
8. Reasons for Questioning Innate Immortal-Soulism	1011
9. “Immediate” Reward at Death Would Nullify Judgment	1011
VII. Anglican Rector Bateson—Arraigns Traditionalist Fallacies	1013
1. Five Basic Planks in “Traditional Scheme”	1013
2. Divergent “Interpretation” Added to Bible Truth	1014
3. Supporting Citation From Archdeacon Guillebaud	1015
VIII. Scientist Schweitzer—Innate Immortality a Greek Derivation	1016
IX. Conditionalist Kearney—Assembles Brilliant Quota of French Writers	1017
1. De Pury—Deliverance at Advent, Not Death	1018
2. Mehl—Christianity Teaches Mortality of Soul	1019
3. De Coppet—Punishment Eternal in Results?	1020
4. Crespy—Not Soul Imprisoned in Body	1020
5. La Morte—Immortality Is Reward of Faith	1021
6. Berdiaeff—Immortality Only in Christ	1021
X. Barth Over Radio Affirms Man Mortal, Not Immortal	1022
1. Position on Immortality Set Forth in Radio Discussion	1023
2. Bible Affirms Immortality Only of God	1023
3. Innate Immortality Not Possessed by Man	1023
4. “Life Beyond” Wholly Dependent Upon God	1024
5. Biblical View Perverted by Platonic Philosophy	1024
6. Man a Unit, Not a Separable Soul	1024
7. Our Only Hope of Life to Come	1025
8. Eternal Life Only Through Christ	1026
9. The Message of the Word of God	1026
XI. Professor Vaucher—Handbook of Continental Conditionalism	1027
XII. Japan’s Hatano—Resurrection Is From “Nothingness”	1028
1. Death Is Complete “Destruction of Life”	1029
XIII. Baptist Pastor Hatch Becomes Ardent Conditionalist	1029
1. Two Incidents Start Train of Thought	1030
2. Charges Lead to Revolution of Life	1030
3. Hatch’s Views Epitomized in Subheads	1031
4. Not in Spirit-World After Death	1031
5. Death Is Complete Absence of Life	1032
6. “Perish” Is Utter Loss of All Life	1032
7. Eternal Torment Involves Incongruities	1033

8. Eternal Torment Opens Door to Chain of Errors	1033
9. Immortality at Advent the Glorious Prospect	1033
49. Recapitulating the Evidence for Individual Conclusions	1039
I. Unfolding Panorama of the Centuries Epitomized	1039
1. Platonic Inroads Produce Three-Way Split	1039
2. Dominant Immortal-Soulism Suppresses Opposing Voices	1040
3. Reformation First Restored Fundamentals of Salvation	1041
4. Different Doctrines but Slowly Restored	1041
5. Intense Conflict Over Sleep of Soul in Death	1042
6. Small Groups Retained Conditionalism From Early Times	1042
II. Eighteenth Century Marks Turn in Tide	1043
1. Slowly Gathering Momentum of Eighteenth Century	1043
2. Conspicuous Conditionalist Advances in Nineteenth Century	1043
3. Powerful Conditionalist Literature Makes Appearance	1044
4. Conflict Intensifies in Twentieth Century	1044
III. The Strength of the Case for Conditionalism	1045
1. Value of Testimony of the Witnesses	1045
2. Determining Light of the Centuries	1046
3. Individual Verdict Cannot Be Avoided	1047
IV. Perspective Provided for Individual Conclusions	1048
50. Spiritualism Invades Our Times	1051
I. The Consummation of the Original Lie of Eden	1052
1. Bolstering Satan’s Original Contention	1052
2. Candor and Faithfulness Called For	1053
II. Fox Cottage in Hydesville—Cradle of Modern Spiritualism	1053
1. Raps Develop Into “Code of Communication”	1053
2. European Activities Antedate American Manifestations	1055
3. From Hostile Reception to Phenomenal Spread	1056
4. Sixty Million Adherents Claimed by 1894	1057
5. Conan Doyle Envisions Phenomenal Developments	1058
III. Three Stages in Historical Development of Spiritualism	1058
1. Shifts From Churchly to Scientific Stage	1058
2. Old World Scientists Espouse Spiritualism	1059
IV. Organized as World-embracing Religion in 1893	1060
1. Operates Through Sundry Organizations	1060
2. Declaration of Principles a Gradual Development	1061
3. To Give Pre-eminence to Women	1062
V. “Definitions” of Spiritualism as “Science, Philosophy and Religion”	1062
VI. Essence of Spiritualism—Survival and Communication	1063
1. Maintain “So-called Dead” Are “Living”	1063
2. Official “Year Book” Confirms Individual Declarations	1064
3. Universal Salvation Fundamental Spiritualist Plank	1064
4. Progressive Passage Through the “Spheres”	1064
5. Spiritualism Consigns Open Rebels to Heavenly Bliss	1065
VII. World Triumph of Spiritualism Claimed Under Way	1065
1. Spiritualism’s World-conquering Mission	1066
2. Doyle—Spirit’s Guidance to Inaugurate Universal Creed	1066
3. Coming Unifier of All Religions	1067
4. One “Scientific Religion” for “Modern Man”	1067
VIII. Fundamental Place Accorded Andrew Jackson Davis	1067
1. Antedates Fox Sisters’ Episode of 1848	1068
2. Memorialized Jointly With Katie Fox	1069
3. Books Written Under “Spirit Control”	1069
4. Rejects Great Verities of Christian Faith	1070
51. Professes to Be Coming World Religion	1072
I. “World Federation of Christendom” on Spiritualistic Platform	1072
1. Spirit Messages Call for “Radical Reconstruction”	1072
2. Audacious Claims for Spiritism as Humanity’s Savior	1073
3. Scientific “Spirit Contact” Through Electronic Communications	1073
II. Claims 1848 Ushered in New Era for Human Race	1074
1. Claims Christianity Based on Spiritistic Phenomena	1074
2. March 31 (1848) Is Birth Day of Modern Spiritualism	1075
3. Spiritualism the “Coming Universal Religion”	1075
4. New Dispensation Born in 1848	1076
5. Battery of Periodicals Spans First Century	1076
III. Typical Service in a Spiritualist “Church”	1077
1. Roberts Outlines Features of Typical Service	1077
2. Early Spiritualist Hymnals Stress “Spirit” Concepts	1077
3. Official Hymnal Maintains Spiritualist Concepts	1078
IV. Occult Episodes in Booth Tarkington Household	1078
1. Heavy Mahogany Table Moves Mysteriously	1079
2. Code of Communication With “Spirits”	1079
3. Grandfather Tarkington Affirms It Is “From the Devil”	1080
4. Remains the Great Unsettled Question	1080
V. Current “Spiritualist Camp” Inducements	1081
1. Cathedral of the Woods	1083

2. Chesterfield Spiritualist Art Gallery	1084
3. Bangs Sisters’ “Precipitation” Paintings Collection	1985
VI. Strange Life and Tragic End of Fox Sisters	1087
1. Margaretta’s Oscillating Career as Spiritualist	1067
2. Warning Admonition From Dr. Kane to Margaretta	1087
3. Margaretta Purposes to Expose Spiritualism in 1888	1088
4. Joined by Katie in Dramatic Exposure	1088
5. Recants Former Denunciation in 1889	1089
6. Both Sisters Die as Alcoholics	1090
7. Not Troubled Over “Respectability of Origins”	1090
52. Spiritualism in Basic Conflict With Christianity	1092
I. Repudiates All Fundamentals of the Christian Faith	1092
1. Based on Internal, Not “External,” Revelation	1092
2. Doyle Denies Sin, Fall, Atonement, Redemption	1092
3. Claims That Salvation Comes From Within, Not Without	1093
4. Thompson Repudiates Atonement, Grace, Forgiveness	1093
5. Manual—Fundamentals of Christian Faith Optional	1094
II. Perverts Basic Facts and Fundamentals of Christianity	1094
1. Claims “Upper Room” Was “Seance” Chamber	1096
2. Such Seances Now Only Outside Christian Church	1096
3. “General Resurrection” Repudiated by Spiritualism	1097
4. “New Heaven and Earth” Simply “Spirit World”	1097
5. Biblical Support Sought From Paul’s “Spiritual Gifts”	1097
6. Pauline “Spiritual Gifts” Claimed by Spiritualists	1098
III. Total Departure From “Christian Faith” Platform	1098
1. Spiritualism Not Based on Bible	1098
2. Jesus Held Not Uniquely Divine	1098
3. No Atoning Value in Death of Jesus	1099
4. Jesus Brazenly Declared “Great Medium”	1099
5. Asserts Christianity “Born in a Seance”	1100
6. Substitutes Spiritualism for Holy Spirit as “Comforter”	1100
IV. Disdains Bible Support, Yet Craftily Claims It	1100
1. Invokes Both Antiquity and Modern Scientific Support	1101
2. Claims Bible Permeated With Spiritualism Phenomena	1101
3. President Whitwell Lays Ground for Claim	1102
4. Makes Astonishing Claims for Mediumship	1102
5. MacDonald Proclaims Independence of Dogmatic Creeds	1103
6. Berry—Spiritualism “Entirely Independent” of Bible	1103
7. Rejects Pauline Theology and Creeds	1103
8. Maneuvered Into Ally for “True Christianity”	1104
9. Maintains Jesus Communicated With Spirit World	1104
10. Asserts Christ Became Medium at Twelve	1105
11. Jesus’ “Communication” Cited as Warrant for Spiritualism	1105
12. Grave Involvements of Inescapable Alternatives	1106
V. Spiritualist Manual Presents Official Positions of Spiritualism	1106
1. Mission of Spiritualism to “Revolutionize World”	1107
2. Burial Service: Prayers to Spirits of Dead	1107
3. Quotes Pagan Precursors as Supporters of Spiritism	1107
4. Asserts Bible Honeycombed With Spiritistic Phenomena	1108
5. Fox Sisters’ “Raps’ Like Telegraph Taps	1108
6. “Evil” Spirits Explained as Merely Ignorant and Undeveloped	1109
7. Emphatic Denial of “Vicarious Atonement”	1109
8. Medieval and Modern Precursors of Spiritualism	1109
9. Claims Regarding Christian Science and New Thought	1109
53. Peebles’ Amazing Assumptions for Spiritualism	1111
I. Rehearses Distinctive Principles of Spiritualism	1112
1. Blends Innate Immortality With Godship of Man	1112
2. “Death” Held as Merely Entrance Upon Higher Existence	1113
3. Soul, Spirit, and Angels Differentiated	1113
4. “Man” Considered Part of Evolutionary Pantheistic God	1114
5. “Annihilation” of Wicked Held Impossible	1114
II. Continuing Consciousness and Communication	1115
1. Communication Between “Spirits” and Men Held Basic	1115
2. Continuing Consciousness Supreme Message of Spiritualism	1115
3. New Heavens and Earth to Come Through Spiritualism	1115
III. Modern Spiritualism Central in New World Cycle	1116
1. Predicts Spiritualism World Religion by Close of Century	1116
2. Old “Cycle” Ending; New “Dispensation” Beginning	1116
IV. Spiritualism Has Eastern Occult Connotations	1117
1. Spiritualism Lifts “Eastern Curtains”	1117
2. Masters of Past Said to Be Still Preaching to “Spirits in Prison”	1118
V. Spiritualism Equated With Christianity Till Constantine	1118
1. Asserts Early Christianity Was Spiritualist	1118
2. Modern Spiritualism Alleged Revival of “Apostolic” Christianity	1119
3. Christ’s Predicted “Signs” Applied to Spiritualist Phenomena	1119
VI. Consummating Contention Based on “Revelation 14:6”	1120

1. Asserts Angel of Revelation 14:6 Is “Spiritualism”	1120
2. Concealed “Majesty of Immortality”	1122
54. Parapsychology—Spiritualisms “New Frontier”	1124
I. Spiritualism’s Scientific Front Making Significant Advances	1124
1. Dr. S. G. Soal—British Pioneer in Psychic Research	1125
II. Parapsychology Projects “New Frontiers” in Spirit World	1126
1. Societies for Studying Psychic Sixth Sense	1126
2. Laboratories Converting Scientists Into Spiritualists	1127
3. Man’s Mind Said to Be Part of Universal God-Mind	1128
4. Involves Question of Innate Immortality	1128
5. Parapsychology to Help Reunite Christendom	1128
6. New Ally in Spiritual World	1129
7. Used to Diagnose and Heal Disease	1129
III. Parapsychology Concerned With “Life After Death”	1130
1. Indications of Man’s “Living Spirit”	1130
2. Testing “Discarnate Spirit Personalities”	1131
3. Mediumship Reaches Peak, Then Declines	1131
4. Testing Validity of “Spirit” Claims	1131
5. Quest for Proof Not Yet Conclusive	1132
6. “Burden of Proof” Rests With “Spirits”	1133
7. Some Fresh “Break-through” Still Needed	1133
55. Involvements of “Spirit Healing,” Mesmerism, and Hypnotism	1134
I. Spiritualism and the Question of Metaphysical Healing	1134
1. “Healing Medium” Relays Energy From Spirit Doctors	1134
2. Spiritualism the Mother of Metaphysical Healing	1134
3. Spiritual Healing” by “Excarnate Spiritual Beings”	1135
4. “Spiritualist Healer” Cures Through “Inherent Powers”	1136
II. Historical Relationships of Mesmerism, Hypnotism, and Spiritualism	1136
1. Theory of “Animal Magnetism” Goes Back to Eighteenth Century	1136
2. “Magnetic Sleep” Developed by Mesmer in 1775	1137
3. Early Nineteenth-Century Revival of Magnetism	1138
4. Mesmerism Revived by Braid, and Called “Hypnotism”	1138
5. Hypnotism Falls Into Disrepute Around 1848	1138
6. Hypnosis Having Current Spectacular Renaissance”	1139
III. Dr. Davis Writes Under Magnetic-Mesmeric Control	1139
1. Alleged Crest of “Cosmic Tide” in 1830-1848	1139
2. Unique Place Accorded Dr. Davis	1140
3. Book Dictated Under “Magnetic-Mesmeric” Control	1140
4. Davis’ “Medical Revelations” Alleged New Discovery	1141
5. Davis Had Previously Submitted to Mesmeric Control	1142
6. “Mesmerism” at Lily Dale (N.Y.) in 1846-1847	1142
IV. “Spirit Healings” Flaunt Explicit Biblical Provisos	1143
1. Modern Counterpart of Occult Healings of Past Centuries	1143
2. Wrought by Power of Unnumbered Spirits	1144
3. Not Wrought in Name or Power of Jesus	1145
4. Modern Counterpart of Pagan Priestcraft Healings	1145
5. True Healing Never Channeled Through Bible-forbidden Mediums	1146
6. Angels in Existence Before First Human Death	1146
V. Invading Citadel of God-given Sacred Individuality	1147
1. Road to Mind Opened to Invading Spirits	1147
2. The Perils of Surrendering the Will	1147
3. Beware of Manipulation by Scheming Men and Devils	1148
4. Hypnosis Not Favored by Majority of Dentists	1149
VI. Hypnosis May Lead to Disastrous Results	1149
1. Insidious Breaching of the Will	1150
2. Inherent Perils of Hypnosis	1150
VII. Satan Seeking to Control the Minds of Men	1151
56. Warnings of the Word Against the Machinations of Spiritism	1152
I. Bible Testimony Regarding Satan, Demons, and Occultism	1152
1. Score of Designations Identifying Satan	1152
2. Reality, Personality, and Influence of Demons	1154
3. Evil Activities of the Demons	1155
4. Occult Activities Forbidden Under Punishment	1155
5. Practitioners Become Slaves of Satan	1156
II. Multiple Terms for Variants of Spiritualism	1156
1. “Necromancy”—An Abomination Visited With Death	1156
2. “Witch”—Sorcerer Having “Familiar Spirit”	1157
3. “Wizard”—Alleged Consulter With “Spirits” of Dead	1158
4. Having “Familiar Spirits” Involved Death Penalty	1158
5. “Magic”—Secret Art of the Occult Sciences	1159
6. “Sorcerer”—Ultimate Destruction in Lake of Fire	1159
III. Impersonating Demon Deceived King Saul at Endor	1160
1. Inquired of Woman Haping “Familiar Spirit”	1160
2. Impersonating Spirit Answers Illicit Inquiry	1160
3. A Whole Series of Inconsistencies	1162
4. Clearly a Deception Put On by the Devil	1163

IV. Fathers Held Samuel Was Impersonated by Demon	1163
1. Tertullian: Samuel Simulated by “Demon”	1163
2. Minucius: Spirits Are Deceiving Demons	1164
V. Warnings Parallel the Claims and Actualities of Spiritualism	1164
1. Ramsey—Spiritualism Is Satanic Delusion	1164
2. A Series of Incriminating Charges	1165
3. Smith—Devastating Exposure of Fallacies and Dangers	1166
4. Biederwolf—Spirits of the “Cloven Hoof”	1166
5. “Diabolical Possession” More Plausible Explanation	1167
VI. Investigators Doubt Claimed Identity of “Spirits”	1167
1. Garland Questions Reported Identity of Spirits	1167
2. Evidences of Senses May Mislead	1167
3. Personal Survival Not Demonstrated	1168
VII. Various Catholics Hold Phenomena of Satanic Origin	1168
1. Gearon Finds “Diabolic Origin” Theory Persuasive	1168
2. Vaughan—Visitants May Be “Satanic Spirits”	1168
3. Hole—Messages From Personating Evil Spirit	1169
VIII. Isaiah’s Futile Appeal to Disobedient Israel	1169
1. Turned From Author of Life to Author of Death	1170
2. From Subtlety of Demons to Wisdom of God	1170
3. Warned Against Replenishing “From the East”	1171
IX. “Covenant With Death” and “Agreement With Hell”	1171
1. Made “Lies” Their “Refuge”	1171
2. Divine Retribution Is Certain	1172
3. Bold and Unholy Alliances Made for Centuries	1172
4. Not “New Revelation”; Simply “Ancient Falsehood”	1173
5. Satan’s Device Constitutes Perfect Counterfeit	1174
6. Spiritualism Identical With Ancient Witchcraft	1174
57. Fundamental Fallacies of Spiritualism’s Fellow Travelers	1176
I. Christian Science Built on Dual Errors Enunciated in Eden	1176
1. Traces of Ancient Heresies Appear	1177
2. Every Cardinal Doctrine of Christianity Denied	1178
3. Bible Authoritative Only with “Spiritual” Interpretation	1178
4. Translation Errors “Corrected” by Christian Science	1178
5. Value and Validity of “Literal” Rendering Challenged	1179
6. Sin Disposed of by Denial of Reality	1179
7. Bible Remade Through New “Definitions”	1180
8. God Declared Not “Person,” but “Principle”	1181
9. Duality Concept of “Father-Mother” God	1181
10. Further “Duality”—Jesus Was Not Christ	1183
11. Mary’s Conception of Jesus Only “Spiritual”	1183
II. Innate Godship of Man and Immortality of Soul	1184
1. Main Attack on “Literalism” of Genesis 1 to 3	1184
2. The Supreme Denial—Jesus Did Not “Die”	1186
3. Vicarious “Atonement” Rejected as “Unnatural”	1187
4. Jesus’ Resurrection Only “Reproduction” or “Reappearance”	1187
5. “Second Appearing” Is Continuance in Christian Science	1187
6. “Emanations” of Immortal Wisdom”	1188
7. Man Not Made of “Dust” nor Subject to “Death”	1188
8. No Personal Devil or Actual Angels	1189
9. No Final Judgment or Resurrection	1189
10. Man Said to Be “Coexistent,” “Coeternal,” “Indestructible”	1190
11. Man’s Eternal Pre-existence Stressed	1190
12. Common Denominator of Most Deviation Groups	1191
III. Mormonism—“Spirits” Eternally Pre-existent Prior to Earthly Embodiment	1192
1. Authoritative Writings Teach Eternal Pre-existence	1192
2. Claim That All Spirits Pre-existed Before Living on Earth	1193
3. All Spirits Existed Before Creation of World	1194
4. Veil of Forgetfulness to Be Lifted	1195
5. At Death All Allegedly Return to “World of Spirits”	1195
6. Claim That All Lived as Spirits in God’s Presence	1195
7. Declared Spirit Sons and Daughters of God	1196
8. Unchanged Emphasis in Latest Publication	1196
58. Occult Forces of East Join Those of West	1198
I. “East’s” Crucial Part in Earth’s Final Deception	1198
1. Coming Impersonation of Second Advent	1198
2. Twin Lies of Eden Constantly Repeated	1199
3. Pertinence of This Survey	1200
4. Pantheism Is Boldly Taught	1201
5. Reincarnation Likewise Openly Taught	1202
6. India the Spawning Ground of Reincarnationism	1202
7. Immortality Sensed in “Seventh Heaven”	1203
8. Jesus Derogated to “Avatar” Status	1203
9. Biblical Portrayal of Inimitable Advent	1204
II. Eastern Occultism’s Penetrations and Footholds in the West	1205
1. Spiritistic Origin of Plausible Fantasies	1205

2. Tied in With the Occult and the East	1206
3. Personations Through Reincarnated “Agasha” Priest	1207
4. New Discoveries to Augment Christ’s Teachings	1208
5. New Thought Stresses “Divinity of Man”	1209
III. Amazing Conglomerate of Theosophy-related Groups	1210
IV. Primitive Animism—Universe Vast Battleground of Spirits	1212
1. Demons Under Master Spirit—Satan	1213
2. Variant Forms Widespread Over the Centuries	1213
3. Medieval Satanism—Compacts With the Devil	1214
4. Demon Possession in New Testament Times	1214
V. Current Pagan Counterpart of Western Occult	1214
1. Animism Based on Immortal“Inner Selves”	1215
2. Communication Between Visible and Invisible	1215
3. Role of Trance-Mediums and Soothsayers	1216
59. Medley of Eastern Deviations Penetrates West	1217
I. Grave Involvements of Variant Eastern Subtleties	1217
1. Nectar of Immortality and Unoin With God	1218
2. Tie-in With Ancient Masters” and Theosophy	1218
3. Theosophy—Immortality by Evolution Through Incarnation	1219
4. The “I AM” Derivative Movement	1221
5. Avowed Purpose Is to Prove Spiritualism	1221
6. Astara—Blending of All Religions	1222
7. Unity—Reincarnation Results in Immortality	1223
8. Significance of “Great Light” From the “East”	1225
II. Baha’ism Bears Telltale Spiritualist Marks	1225
1. Wilmette Temple Symbolizes Oneness of Religions	1226
2. Communion of Living With the Dead	1227
3. Constant Intercommunication With Other World	1228
60. Utilizing New Techniques—Operating Within the Churches	1230
I. Spiritualist Inroads Through “Spiritual Frontiers Fellowship”	1230
1. Reincarnation Naively Taught at Frontiers Conference	1232
2. In Touch With Loved Ones in Spiritual Realm	1232
3. Frontiers Editor on “Methods of Psychic Research”	1233
4. Medium Ford’s Adroitly Frank “Talk”	1233
5. “Book Review” and “Notes” on the Psychic	1234
6. “Book Service” Specializes in the Psychic	1234
7. Continuing Emphasis on Psychic and Spiritistic	1235
8. Spiritualist Books Interspersed in List	1236
9. “Third Birth” and “Next Dimension”	1237
II. Fellowship’s “Psychic Knock at Church’s Door”	1237
1. From Psychic Societies to Church Penetrations	1238
2. Contacts Between Two Worlds Established	1239
3. Persuaded Personally Through Ford “Sittings”	1240
III. African Newspaper Symposium Champions Spiritualism	1241
1. Preponderant View for Spirit Survival and Spiritualism	1241
61. Spiritualism’s Role in Earth’s Closing Conflict	1243
I. Latter-Day Eruption of Renegade “Spirit” Activities	1243
1. Depraved Spirits Ever Seduce to Destruction	1245
2. Promises Life by Denying Death	1246
II. Spirits of Devils Ascendant in Earth’s Final Deception	1246
1. Hitler, Mussolini, and Kaiser Entangled in Toils	1247
2. God of This World Blinds Minds of Men	1247
3. Two Supernatural Forces Bidding for Control	1248
4. Final Conflict Involves Every Individual	1248
III. World to Be Swept Into Final Conflict by Demonic Forces	1249
1. Leagued Into Confederacy by “Spirits of Devils”	1249
2. Final Holocaust Just Before Second Advent	1250
3. Deluded Because Without Protection of Word	1250
4. Two Opposing Forces Face to Face	1251
5. Underlying Cause of the Great Deception	1251
6. Impelled by Forces Beyond Human Control	1252
IV. Vindication of God’s Truth; Overthrow of Satan’s Lie	1252
1. Spiritistic Seances Date Back to Gates of Eden	1252
2. Inevitable Outcome of Conflict of the Ages	1253
3. Destruction for Believers of Satan’s Original Lie	1254
62. Summing Up the Evidence of the Centuries	1257
I. Build-up and Penetration of Immortal-Soul Concept	1258
1. Triple Origin of Immortal Soul Innovation	1258
2. Becomes Potent Philosophy Under Plato	1259
3. Jewry Split Into Two Schools on Immortality	1259
4. Motley Situation When Christ Appeared	1260
5. Apostolic and Ante-Nicene Conditionalists	1261
6. Eternal Tormentism Established by Tertullian	1261
7. Universal Restorationism Projected by Origen	1262
II. Reformation Sparks Resurgence of Conditionalism	1263

1. Bleak and Largely Silent Centuries	1263
2. Waldensian Adherents and Rabbinical Revolters	1263
3. Ethiopian and Malabar Rejecters of Immortal-Soulism	1264
4. Pomponatius Forces Declaration of Catholic Dogma	1264
5. Conditionalism Sparks Split in Protestant Ranks	1264
6. Notable Recruits to Conditionalist Cause	1265
7. New World Voices Add Their Testimony	1265
8. Fresh Revolts Add New Impetus	1266
9. Notable Champions Arise in Britain and Continent	1266
10. America Keeps Pace With Old World	1267
III. Brilliant Array of Witnesses Marks Twentieth Century	1268
1. Ground Swell of Revolt Against Traditional Positions	1268
IV. Injection of the Culminating Factor	1269
1. Supreme Factor in Last Great Struggle	1269
2. Circumventing the Sentence of God	1270
V. Time to Unmask Satan’s Masterpiece	1271
1. Adapted to All Ages and Conditions	1272
2. From Universal Penetration to Crowning Deception	1272
3. Spiritualism a Cruel Travesty	1273
4. Adapts Itself to Scientific Age	1273
5. Sweeping World Into Threefold Alliance	1274
6. Built Upon Reiteration of Unchanging Lie	1274
7. Occult Augmentations From the East	1275
8. High Time to Sound the Alarm	1275

[CD-ROM Editor’s Note: In the original, the “Index of Personal Names” is located on pages 1336-1344]