The Conditionalist Faith of Our Fathers, vol. 1
II. Character and Significance of Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal Teachings
1. PROPHETS FOLLOWED BY PRIESTS AND PRIESTLY STRUGGLES
We now revert to the historic Jews, for it was among the Hebrews that Platonic Immortal-Soulism first began its inroads among believers in Holy Scripture. Following the close of the line of the Old Testament prophets from among the Hebrews came the period of the priests. Two widely different major sects emerged—the eclectic, traditional, formalist Pharisees (the religious), and the skeptical, materialistic Sadducees (the political) whose interests centered in the Temple and on power. CFF1 633.1
Chart C COMPARATIVE LISTS OF OLD TESTAMENT BOOKS, SHOWING SEPTUAGINT AND ROMAN CATHOLIC ENLARGEMENTS
(Apocryphal Portions Indicated by Italics)
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Palestinian Jewish | Alexandrian Septuagint | Roman Catholic | Protestant |
| The Law Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy The Prophets Joshua Judges 1 Samuel 2 Samuel 1 Kings 2 Kings Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel The Twelve (Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi) The Writings Psalms Proverbs Job Song of Songs Ruth Lamentations Ecclesiastes Esther Daniel Ezra Nehemiah 1 Chronicles 2 Chronicles (Without Apocryphal additions) | Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 Kings (1 Samuel) 2 Kings (2 Samuel) 3 Kings (1 Kings) 4 Kings (2 Kings) 1 Chronicles 2 Chronicles 1 Esdras 2 Esdras (Ezra and Nehemiah) Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song (of Songs) Job Wisdom of Solomon Wisdom of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus Esther, with additions Judith Tobit Hosea Amos Micah Joel Obadiah Jonah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Isaiah Jeremiah Baruch Lamentations Epistle of Jeremy Ezekiel Daniel, with additions of Song of the Three Children Susannah Bel and the Dragon 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Psalms of Solomon Enoch Odes, including the prayer of Manasses | Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Josue (Joshua) Judges Ruth 1 Kings (1 Samuel) 2 Kings (2 Samuel) 3 Kings (1 Kings) 4 Kings (2 Kings) 1 Paralipomenon (1 Chronicles) 2 Paralipomenon (2 Chronicles) 1 Esdras (Ezra) 2 Esdras (Nehemiah) Tobias (Tobit) Judith Esther (10:4 to 16:24 added) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Canticle of Canticles (Song of Solomon) Wisdom Ecclesiasticus Isaias (Isaiah) Jeremias [including Lamentations], with Baruch Ezechiel Daniel [3:24-90 (Song of the Three Children), Chap. 13 (Susanna), and Chap. 14 (Bel and the Dragon) added] Osee (Hosea) Joel Amos Abdias (Obadiah) Jonas (Jonah) Micheas (Micah) Nahum Habacuc (Habakkuk) Sophonias (Zephaniah) Aggeus (Haggai) Zacharias (Zechariah) Malachias (Malachi) 1 Machabees 2 Machabees | Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 Samuel 2 Samuel 1 Kings 2 Kings 1 Chronicles 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Solomon Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi (Without added Apocrypha) |
| COMPARATIVE LISTS OF OLD TESTAMENT BOOKS, WITH APOCRYPHAL ENLARGEMENTS (IN ITALICS) | |||
| It will be observed that the Palestinian standard list (without the Apocrypha) is restored in the standard Protestant versions. 1 On the contrary, the Alexandrian Septuagint, 2 or “Larger Canon” (with Apocrypha), is largely followed by the Roman Catholic Vulgate (authorized by the Council of Trent, 1546) 4 Incidentally, the post-Nicene church list of Hippo (3rd Council of Carthage, 4th cent.) included six apocryphal books, whereas the Medieval Waldensian list, in the Confession of Faith, states that the apocryphal books are extracanonical. The significance of the four lists, the Alexandrian factor, is obvious. (Cf. Prophetic Faith, vol. 1, pp. 76-85.) | |||
The Pharisees were eclectic because their beliefs were drawn from a number of systems; traditional because they placed oral tradition on a parity with Scripture; and formalist because they often neglected weightier matters for scrupulous detail. The Pharisees were the popular party, stressing religious freedom and emphasizing synagogue worship. CFF1 633.2
On the other hand, the Sadducees were skeptical, because they openly denied the Pharisaic postulate of disembodied souls, angels, and spirits. They were materialistic because they rejected belief in retribution in an afterlife, and particularly in the resurrection—explaining away those statements in the Old Testament referring to a future life. The Sadducees, however, never had the following of the masses. CFF1 636.1
In addition, a third Jewish sect was the Essenes, the “monks,” as it were, stressing piety, justice, benevolence, and a hallowed way of life. They lived in communities, linked together by common beliefs and practices. And they were confined to Palestine and Syria. CFF1 636.2
The later Zealots in the early Christian Era were the party of revolt, who had broken away from the Pharisees. They were men of military action, devoted to national independence, who took the sword and fanatically resisted the Roman rule to the death. In fact, it was their resistance that led to the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. CFF1 636.3
During this inter-Testament period, in the cross currents of Palestinian Judaism, the Pharisees and Sadducees were in constant conflict, somewhat like the Fundamentalists and Modernists of Protestantism today. Nevertheless, both worshiped in the same Temple, and together formed the Sanhedrin—the supreme governing body of seventy members—with first one group ascendant, then the other, and with the two factions ever struggling for the supremacy. CFF1 636.4
The Sadducees cared little about preserving the purity of the Jewish faith, but were absorbed with the enlargement of political power and prestige. But they were never popular. And with the destruction of Jerusalem the Sanhedrin ended, and the Sadducees ceased to exist. Thus the Pharisees were left to impose their concepts, and concentrated on worship in the synagogue. The legalistic literature of Judaism was collected in the Mishnah, 1 about A.D. 200, and the Talmud 2 followed, between A.D. 200 and 500. CFF1 636.5
2. APOCRYPHAL AND APOCALYPTIC WRITINGS APPEAR
The gap between the writing of the last book of the Old Testament and the first book of the New has often been misconceived as a bleak, barren, and silent period. Nothing could be farther from the truth. These centuries were, in fact, remarkable ones, and anything but barren or silent. Instead, they were filled with intense literary activity, for this was the time when the Jewish apocryphal books were in the process of production and circulation. CFF1 637.1
The Apocrypha, 3 separate from Scripture, was a unique admixture of fact, fancy, and fiction. Truth and error were intermingled. The component books included not only historical and literary treatises but a collection of apocalyptic missives brought forth by mystics and seers, and left on record for the centuries. Some of the Jews accepted them as canonical; 4 others rejected them as noncanonical and apocryphal. But they were neither forbidden nor suppressed. CFF1 637.2
During this critical period many were deeply concerned over conflicting views of truth and error that were current, as well as gravely apprehensive over things to come. The Messianic hope found highly figurative expression, and an increasingly high expectancy marked the era. Many solemnly declared that events of worldwide import and dimension were destined to occur in the predicted latter times, and that the climax of human affairs would be marked by divine interposition. Thus the apocalyptic literature made its appearance, giving utterance to new concepts and often leading away from Judaic patterns of previous centuries. CFF1 637.3
Significantly enough, the question most constantly and ardently discussed was that of eschatology, or the multiple doctrine of the last things—including the nature of the soul, the state and place of the dead, the nature of the resurrection, future rewards and punishments, and the fate of both the wicked and the righteous. That is why an understanding of this literature is incumbent upon us. CFF1 638.1
The time period of the writing of the Apocrypha covers roughly the last two centuries prior to the Christian Era and the first century A.D. The production of these Jewish treatises consequently continued until the apostles had actually completed the writing of the books of the New Testament canon. The New Testament did not therefore appear in the midst of a literary vacuum, as regards our quest. CFF1 638.2
3. PSEUDEPIGRAPHA INVOKES PRESTIGE OF FORMER PROPHETS
The names of former Jewish prophets and leaders were also invoked in support of various of these apocryphal productions. Although the activity of the Hebrew prophets had ended and the Old Testament canon was closed, these apocalyptic writings were frequently sent forth under the name of some ancient Hebrew worthy in order to add greater weight to these new predictions of things to come—such as The Book of Enoch, The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, The Wisdom of Solomon, The Assumption of Moses, et cetera. CFF1 638.3
These were accordingly called pseudepigraphical 5 writings. Although of unknown authorship, and of none-too-certain dating, they nevertheless afford a valuable insight into this crucial transition period in Jewish thinking and Judaism’s changing outlook—and into the penetration of Platonism into Jewry. Historically, they were actually written and widely read, and exerted considerable influence at the time, as well as subsequently—even to this day. They are therefore important in our quest. CFF1 638.4
4. INFLUENCED BY THINKING OF SURROUNDING NATIONS
Thus it was that these compositions of the Jews—historical, apocalyptical, ethical, mystical, and fictional—were definitely influenced by the impact of the thinking of the Egyptians, Babylonians, Persians, and especially the Greeks under whom the Jews had been subjected in the successive captivities of the centuries. Such is the background setting of the Jewish inter-Testamental apocryphal and apocalyptic literature. CFF1 639.1
Some of these productions were akin to Dante’s Divine Comedy or Milton’s Paradise Lost. Some reflected the thinking and feeling of their age; some forecast the future. And all of them molded Jewish religious thought, especially on the nature and destiny of man. Some of these writings, it will be found, were in harmony with Old Testament truth; others were sharply at variance therewith. And some of the incipient errors of this pre-Christian Era were erelong to develop into full-blown departure from the historic faith of their fathers. CFF1 639.2
5. APOCRYPHA EXCLUDED FROM PALESTINIAN CANON
There is another important point that should be noted here: The apocryphal books, included in the “larger” Alexandrian Greek Septuagint translation, were excluded from the Palestinian Hebrew canon. This fact must not be missed. They were in the Alexandrian version only, and were not accepted at the Jerusalem base. Thus, while the Alexandrian Septuagint translators took certain lesser liberties with the Hebrew text—expanding, abbreviating, transposing, and otherwise modifying—their revolutionary and far-reaching innovation was the adding of these fourteen apocryphal books to the Old Testament canon, all of which were produced after the close of the Old Testament canon. CFF1 639.3
But the New Testament apostle—writers of the newborn Christian Church did not recognize them as canonical. And scholarly, conservative Church Fathers—like Athanasius, Gregory of Nazianzus, Cyril of Jerusalem, Julius Africanus, and Jerome—protested against including these Alexandrian accretions in the canon. 6 And it is also to be observed that the later difference between the Protestant Old Testament canon and that of Rome is precisely this difference between the Palestinian canon and the larger Alexandrian canon. CFF1 639.4
6. EXTENSIVE COVERAGE JUSTIFIED AND IMPERATIVE
Because of the obviously vital bearing that all this and much more has upon our quest, we shall go rather fully into the historic background. We will trace in this introductory chapter the results of the pressures exerted upon Israel during her captivities, the sources of Judaism’s departures, and the several related factors. CFF1 640.1
The significance of the important witness of the extracanonical Jewish literature of the inter-Testamental period climaxes with the witness of the famous Dead Sea scrolls and their epochal testimony. And the far-reaching, contrasting innovations of Philo Judaeus form their tragic counterpart. CFF1 640.2