Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

אֵ֫שֶׁל — אתת

אֵ֫שֶׁל

† אֵ֫שֶׁל n.m. tamarisk-tree (Arabic أَثْلٌ Sab. אתֿל Sab.Denkm.⁶⁵ cf. DHM^{BS ii. 958}; on an Aramaic אַתְלָא v. Löw^{No. 38}; cf. Tristr^{FFP 250}) planted by Abraham Gn 21:33 (J); in 1 S 22:6 Saul is dwelling בַּגִּבְעָה תַּחַת־הָאֵשֶׁל בָּרָמָה; 31:13 Saul and his sons are buried תַּחַת־הָא׳; it was perhaps a sacred tree, marking shrine.

אָשֵׁם

† אָשֵׁם adj. guilty, א׳ abs. 2 S 14:13; pl. אֲשֵׁמִים עַל־אָחִינוּ Gn 42:21 (E); guilty, and so bound to offer a trespass-offering Ezr 10:19; but read prob. וַאֲשָׁמָם, so Kue^{Chronol. v. h. Perzishce Tijdvak, 1890, 43}.

אָשַׁם

† אָשַׁם, אָשֵׁם vb. offend, be guilty (Arabic أَثِمَ peccavit, إِثْمٌ offence, أَثَامٌ, إِثَامٌ, requital, fault, mulct, cf. Ethiopic ሕሠም:)—
Qal Pf. אָשַׁם Lv 5:19 Nu 5:7; אָשֵׁם Hb 1:11 + 7 times; אָֽשְׁמָה Nu 5:6; אָשָׁ֑מְתָּ Pr 30:10; אָשַׁמְתְּ Ez 22:4; אָשֵׁ֑מוּ Lv 4:13; Impf. יֶאְשַׁם Ho 4:15 + 13 times; Inf. abs. אָשֹׁם Lv 5:19; אָשׁוֹם Ez 25:12;— 1. commit an offence, a trespass, do a wrong, or an injury, with לְ: אָשֹׁם אָשַׁם ליהוה he hath done a great wrong to Yahweh (in violating the commands) Lv 5:19 (P); וְנָתַן לַאֲשֶׁר אָשַׁם לוֹ and he shall give it (restitution) to him to whom he did wrong Nu 5:7 (P), cf. 2 Ch 19:10, 10; וַיֶּאְשְׁמוּ אָשׁוֹם and they committed lasting wrong (irreparable wrong, the Edomites against Judah) Ez 25:12. 2. be or become guilty Ju 21:22 Je 50:7 Ho 4:15 Hb 1:11; in offences requiring sin-offering Lv 4:13, 22, 27 (P), of trespass-offering Lv 5:2, 3, 17, 23 Nu 5:6 (P); with ל guilty of Lv 5:4, 5 (P), with ב in or through Ez 22:4 Ho 13:1. 3. be held guilty, bear punishment ψ 34:22, 23 Pr 30:10 Is 24:6 Je 2:3 Ho 5:15; 10:2; 14:1 Zc 11:5 Ez 6:6 (but cf. שָׁמֵם).
Niph. נֶאְשָׁמוּ suffer punishment Jo 1:18. (si vera l.; Me We al. נָשַׁמּוּ, √ שׁמם, cf. Dr^{ad loc}).
Hiph. Impf. sf. הַאֲשִׁימֵם declare them guilty ψ 5:11.

אָשָׁם

אָשָׁם n.m. offence, guilt—א׳ Gn 26:10 + 37 times sf. אֲשָׁמוֹ Nu 5:7 + 7 times—
1. offence, trespass, fault ψ 68:22 (guiltiness RV).
2. guilt Gn 26:10 (J) Pr 14:9 Je 51:5.
3. compensation, לְהָשִׁיב הָאָשָׁם אֵלָיו to whom to return the compensation (or satisfaction for injury) Nu 5:8; cp. v 7 (P; restitution for guilt RV).
4. trespass-offering (AV, but guilt-offering RV) used only in Lv 5, 6:10; 7, 14, 19:21, 22 Nu 6:12; 18:9 (P), & Ez 40:39; 42:13; 44:29; 46:20, cf. Ezr 10:19. This offering seems to have been confined to offences against God or man that could be estimated and so covered by compensation. The ordinary trespass-offering was a ram, together with restitution and a penalty of a fifth of its value. The tresspass-offerings of the leper and Nazirite were he-lambs Lv 14 Nu 6:12; if the person who suffered wrong or his kinsmen were not living the fine went to the priests. The victims were offered, the blood and fat pieces going to the altar, the skin and flesh to the priests. There seems to have been no application of the blood to the horns of the altar (the chief ceremony of the sin-offering) because the guilt was not expiated at the altar but by compensation to the wronged person or his representative. A part of the blood of the leper’s trespass-offering was applied to his person to consecrate him (as in the case of the ram of consecration to consecrate the priests Lv 8:23). The trespass-offering is unknown to JED and the older Hebrew literature. However, the Philistines send an אשׁם of golden mice and tumours 1 S 6:3, 4, 8, 17, and an אשׁם of money was given to the priests 2 K 12:17, but these are entirely different from the trespass-offering of P. The Messianic servant offers himself as an אשׁם in compensation for the sins of the people, interposing for them as their substitute Is 53:10 (incorrectly offering for sin AV RV). See further Oehler^{OT Theol. § 137} Di Lv 5:14.

אַשְׁמָה

† אַשְׁמָה n.f. wrong-doing, guiltiness (properly Inf. cf. אַהֲבָה, יִרְאָה)—א׳ Lv 22:16 + 5 times, cstr. אַשְׁמַת Ezr 10:10 + 3 times; sf. אַשְׁמָתוֹ Lv 5:24 + 6 times; pl. אֲשָׁמוֹת 2 Ch 28:10; sf. אַשְׁמוֹתַי ψ 69:6;—
1. doing wrong, committing a trespass or offence 2 Ch 24:18; 28:10, 13^(×3) (‖ חטאת v 13) 33:23 Ezr 9:6, 7, 13, 15 (‖ עָוֹן v 13) ψ 69:6 (‖ אִוֶּלֶת); מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂת לְאַשְׁמָה בָהּ of all that one may do wrong therein Lv 5:26 (P; ‖ לַחֲטֹא בָהֵנָּה v 22).
2. becoming guilty 1 Ch 21:3 Ezr 10:10, 19; יֶהֱטָא לְאַשְׁמַת הָעָם sin to the becoming guilty of the people (so that the people incur guilt) Lv 4:3; אַשְׁמַת שֹׁמְרוֹן guilt of Samaria (their idols) Am 8:14.
3. bringing a trespass-offering, בְּיוֹם אַשְׁמָתוֹ in the day of his bringing his trespass-offering Lv 5:24; עֲוֹן אַשְׁמָה iniquity requiring a trespass-offering Lv 22:16.

אַשְׁמוּרָה

אַשְׁמוּרָה (־מֻרוֹת, ־מֹרֶת) v. שׁמר.

אַשְׁמוּרָה²

† אַשְׁמוּרָה, אַשְׁמֹ֫רֶת n.f. watch (division of time);—abs. אַשְׁמוּרָה בַּלָּ֑יְלָה ψ 90:4; רֹאשׁ הָאַשְׁמֹרֶת הַתִּיכוֹנָה Ju 7:19; cstr. אַשְׁמֹרֶת הַבֹּקֶר Ex 14:24 (J), 1 S 11:11; pl. abs. אַשְׁמֻרוֹת La 2:19 ψ 63:7; 119:148.

אַשְׁמַנִּים

אַשְׁמַנִּים v. שׁמן.

אַשְׁמַנִּים²

† אַשְׁמַנִּים (elative, Ges^{§ § 85b, 133a}; on נּ v. Id. ^{§§ 20a, 93ee}) appar. n.[m.]pl. בָּא׳ כַּמֵּתִים Is 59:10 perhaps: (we are) among the stout (RV lusty) like dead men, cf. Di-Kit; or abstr. in (actual) vigour (Buhl) > AV (after Jos Ki from אָשַׁם Ho 14:1 ‘be desolate’) in desolate places (other conj. v. Che^Hpt Marti).

אשׁן

אשׁן (√ assumed for foll.; perhaps be hard, firm, cf. Aramaic אֲשׁוּנָא, אֲשִׁינָא, something firm.)

אֶשְׁנָב

אֶשְׁנָב v. שׁנב.

אֶשְׁנָב²

† אֶשְׁנָב n.[m.] window-latticce (אשנב Ecclus 42:11); abs. א׳ Ju 5:28; sf. אֶשְׁנַבִּי Pr 7:6 (both ‖ חַלּוֹן).

אַשְׁנָה

† אַשְׁנָה n.pr.loc. (the firm?) name of two cities in Judah.
1. Jos 15:33.
2. v 43.

אֶשְׁעָן

אֶשְׁעָן v. שׁען.

אֶשְׁעָ֑ן

† אֶשְׁעָ֑ן n.pr.loc. in hills of Judah Jos 15:52, Σομα, 𝔊L Εσαν.

אשׁף

אשׁף (√ of dub. meaning, whence foll.)

אַשָּׁף

† [אַשָּׁף] n.m. conjurer, necromancer (prob. Bab. loan-word, Assyrian âšipu COT^Gloss cf. Dl^{Pr] 41}, Aramaic אָשַׁף ܐܳܫܘܽܦܳܐ; v. also Assyrian šiptu, conjuration) only pl. אַשָּׁפִים Dn 1:20 (‖ חַרְטֻמִּים), 2:2 (‖ ח׳, מְבַשְּׁפִים, כַּשְׂדִּים).

אַשְׁפָּה

אַשְׁפָּה quiver, vid. s.v.

אַשִׁפָּה

† אַשִׁפָּה n.f. quiver for arrows (Assyrian išpatu Dl^{K 29}) א׳ lit. as part of warlike equipment Jb 39:23 Is 22:6 Je 5:16; fig. in sim. of sons of one’s youth as arrows (weapons which the father may wield) ψ 127:5 אַשְׁרֵי הַגֶּבֶר אֲשֶׁר מִלֵּא אֶת־אַשְׁפָּתוֹ מֵהֶם the happiness of the man that hath filled his quiver with them! of Yahweh’s quiver, in metaph. of prophet as arrow of י׳ Is 49:2 וַיְשִׂימֵנִי לְחֵץ בָּרוּר בְּאַשְׁפָּתוֹ הִסְתִּירָ֑נִי and he made me into a polished arrow, in his quiver he hid me; also of quiver in which י׳ has his arrows of chastisement, בְּנֵי,אַשְׁפָּתוֹ, i.e. his arrows La 3:13 (‖ חֵץ v 12).

אַשְׁפְּנַז

† אַשְׁפְּנַז n.pr.m. the רַב־סָרִיסִים, chief of eunuchs, of Nebuchadrezzar Dn 1:3 (meaning unknown).

אֶשְׁפָּר

† אֶשְׁפָּר 2 S 6:19 = 1 Ch 16:3; 𝔊 2 S 6:19 Aq Symm cake or roll; other Verss. ancient & mod. have various conjectures, but actual etym. & meaning unknown; v. Lag^{GGA 1884, No. 7, 262 = M i. 214 DrSm.}

אֶשְׁפָּר²

אֶשְׁפָּר vid. s.v.

אַשְׁפֹּת

אַשְׁפֹּת, אַשְׁפַּתּוֹת v. שׁפת.

אַשְׁפֹּת²

† אַשְׁפֹּת n.[m.] ash-heap (?), refuse-heap, dung-hill (prob. orig. fire-place stone, cf. Arabic sub √);—א׳ abs. as beggars’ resting-place 1 S 2:8 = ψ 113:7 (both ‖ עָפָר; cf. Jb 2:8 Wetzst^{ap. De}); so pl. אַשְׁפַּתּוֹת La 4:5; שַׁעַר הָאַשְׁפֹּת Ne 2:13; 3:14; 12:31 = שׁ׳ הָֽשְׁפוֹת 3:13 (Ges^{§ 35 d}).

אַשְׁקְלוֹן

† אַשְׁקְלוֹן n.pr.loc. a city of the Philistines (Assyrian Isqaluna COT^Gloss Dl^{Pa 290}; Ph. adj. gent. cf. infr.) Ju 1:18; 14:19 1 S 6:17 2 S 1:20 Je 25:20; 47:5, 7 Am 1:8 Zp 2:4, 7 Zc 9:5^(×2); on the Medit. Sea, S. of W. from Jerusalem, mod. ʿAsqalân, Survey^{iii. 237 f.} (with plan); cf. also ZPV ^{ii. 164 f.}

אֶשְׁקְלוֹנִי

† אֶשְׁקְלוֹנִי adj.gent. c. art. as subst. הָא׳ Jos 13:3 (Ph. אשקלני).

א֫שֶׁר

† [א֫שֶׁר] n.[m.] happiness, only sf. בְּאָשְׁרִי in my happiness Gn 30:13 (J).

אֲשֶׁר

אֲשֶׁר part. of relation (Moab. id.; origin dub.: 1. according to Tsepreghi^{Diss. Lugd. p. 171} Mühlau^{Bö Lb. ii. 79 n.} Sta^{Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167} Hom^{ZMG 1878, 708 ff.} Müll^{§ 153} Sayce^{Hbr. ii. 51} Lag^{M. i. 255} & especially Kraetzschmar^{Hbr. vi. 298 ff}, orig. a subst. ‘place’ = أَثَرٌ footstep, mark አሠr (do.), אֲתַר, ܐܰܬܰܪ place, Assyrian ašar, used (v. Kraetz.) both as a subst. ‘there, where,’ and as a relative of place ‘where’: in Heb. this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Heb. from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (cf. also Nö^{ZMG 1886, 738}). 2. according to Phi^{St. C. 73} Sperling^{Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15—22} for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שׁ (q.v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Ph.), and (2) the addition of the demonstr. root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלֶּה, הַלָּזֶה (q.v.). اَلَّذِى he who, እለ who (pl.)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the comp. of Syriac ܗܳܪܟܳܐ by side of Targ. הָלְכָּא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Heb. to a mere particle of relation). A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אֲשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pron. affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Gn 1:11 אֲשֶׁר זַרְעוֹ־בוֹ lit. as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, ψ 1:4 like the chaff אֲשֶׁר־תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אֲשֶׁר … שָׁם = where, אֲשֶׁר … מִשָּׁם = whence, Gn 2:11; 3:23; 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (v. infr.) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local, causal, etc. More particularly
1. it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nom. or obl. cases, as Nu 22:6 וַאֲשֶׁר תָּאֹר יוּאָר and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Ex 4:12 and I will teach thee אֲשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אֲשֶׁר (according to the context) him who …, those who …, that which …; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who … Gn 43:16, to those who … 47:24, to that which 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Ju 16:30 2 S 18:8 than those whom; Lv 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Nu 5:7; Is 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר נֹשֶׁא בוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.
2. instances of אֲשֶׁר followed by a pron. affix, or by שָׁם, שָֽׁמָּה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the exx. cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous constr. עִם אֲשֶׁר Gn 31:32 for אֲשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Gn 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Is 47:12 for אֲשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אֲשֶׁר … לָהֶם Ez 23:40: ψ 119:49 see under על אשׁר. It is followed by the pron. in the nomin., in the foll. cases:—(a) immediately, mostly before an adj. or ptcp., Gn 9:3 all moving things אֲשֶׁר הוּא־חַי which are living, Lv 11:26 Nu 9:13; 14:8, 27; 35:31 Dt 20:20 1 S 10:19 (v. Dr) 2 K 25:19 (‖ Je 52:25 היה) Je 27:9 Ez 43:19 Hg 1:9 Ru 4:15 Ne 2:18 Ec 7:26; before a vb. 2 K 22:13 (omitted 2 Ch 34:21). (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Gn 7:2; 17:12 Nu 17:5 Dt 17:15 אֲשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, 20:15 Ju 19:12 1 K 8:41 ‖ 9:20 ‖. N.B. ψ 16:3 אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵ֑מָּה is an unparalleled expression for ‘who are in the land’; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָ֑רֶץ הֵמָּה אַדִּירֵי וג׳ ‘the saints that are in the land, they (המה) are the nobles, in whom,’ etc.
3. sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pron. of 1 or 2 ps. as well as of 3 ps. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who …, thou who, etc.; Ho 14:4 אֲשֶׁר־בְּךָ יְרֻחַם יָתוֹם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Je 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, 32:19 Is 49:23 Jb 37:17f. thou whose garments are warm …, canst thou? etc., ψ 71:19, 20; 144:12 we whose sons, etc., 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר־עֻשֵּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר—I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Ex 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day,—ye shall not see them again or ever! (cf. ψ 41:9).
4. the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with— a. when אֲשֶׁר represents the simple subj. of a sentence, or the direct obj. of a vb.: so constantly, as Gn 2:2 the work אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, 3:3 the tree אֲשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אֲשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why: (α) Gn 6:4 אַחֲרֵי־כֵן אֲשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (cf. 2 Ch 35:20) 45:6 there are still 5 years אֲשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Jos 14:10 1 K 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Dt 4:10 Ju 4:14 1 S 24:5 (v. Dr) 2 S 19:25 Je 20:14 al.; similarly Gn 40:13. (β) Gn 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, v 14; 39:20 Nu 13:27; 22:26 Dt 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), 8:15 1 K 8:9 (unless לוּחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: v. 𝔊 & Dt 9:9) Is 55:11; 64:10 ψ 84:4. So (γ) in אֶל אֲשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Ex 32:34 Ru 1:16; אֶל־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר to every (place) whither Jos 1:16 Pr 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where †Ju 5:27; 17:8, 9 1 S 23:13 2 K 8:1 Ru 1:16, 17 Jb 39:30, once only with שָׁם Gn 21:17; בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר wheresoever Jos 1:7, 9 Ju 2:15 1 S 14:47; 18:5 2 S 7:7 2 K 18:7; מֵאֲשֶׁר from (the place) where = whencesoever †Ex 5:11 Ru 2:9; עַל־אֲשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 S 15:20 1 K 18:12; עַל־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר Je 1:7. (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר … this is the reason that or why … Jos 5:4 1 K 11:27. c. more extreme instances Lv 14:22, 30, 31 Nu 6:21, Dt 7:19 (wherewith), 28:20 1 S 2:32 1 K 2:26 (wherein), Ju 8:15 (about whom), Is 8:12 (where יאמר would be foll. normally by לוֹ), 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, 47:15 Zp 3:11 Ec 3:9, 1 K 14:19 (= how). d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after (אָמַרְתִּי וג׳) אֲשֶׁר אָמַר followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pron. in the speech which follows, as Gn 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Ex 22:8 Dt 28:68 Ju 7:4 (זֶה) 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pron., cf. Dt 9:2) 1 S 9:17 (זֶה)²³ 1 K 11:2 +; cf. 2 S 11:16 2 K 17:12; 21:4.
5. אֲשֶׁר sometimes in poet. = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οἵτινες, ψ 24:4; 55:20; 95:4, 5 Jb 4:19; 5:5; 9:5, (Hi) 15, 17.
6. אֲשֶׁר occas. receives its closer definition by a subst. following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the rel. clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Je., אֲשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר י׳ אֶל יר׳ that which came (of) the word of י׳ to Je. †14:1; 46:1; 47:1; 49:34 (cf. Ew§ 334); (b) Ex 25:9 Nu 33:4 1 S 25:30 2 K 8:12, 12:6 לְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יִמָּצֵא שָׁם בָּֽדֶק׃, Ez 12:25; cf. the Ethiopic usage Di^{§ 201}; (c) (antec. repeated) Gn 49:30 = 50:13, 1 S 25:39 (י׳ repeated), Is 54:9 (prob.) as to which I sware that, etc., Am 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.
7. אֲשֶׁר ל׳ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל־ to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Gn 14:23 מִכָּל־אֲשֶׁר־לָ֑ךְ of all that is thine, 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father’s 32:24 & sent over אֶת־אֲשֶׁר־לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the genitive, as Gn 29:9 עִם־הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father’s, 40:5; 47:4, Lv 9:8; Ju 6:11; 1 S 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר־לְךָ, 2 S 14:31 אֶת־הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר־לִי, 23:8; 1 K 1:8, 33 עַל הַפִּרְדָּה אֲשֶׁר־לִי upon mine own mule, v 49; 4:2; 2 K 11:10; 16:13 Ru 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single genit., as Gn 23:9; 40:5; 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר־לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Ex 38:30; Ju 3:20; 6:25; 1 S 17:40; 21:8, אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul’s herdmen, 24:5 אֶת־כְּנַף־הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר־לְשָׁאוּל, 2 S 2:8 Saul’s captain of the host, 1 K 10:28; 15:20; 22:31; Je 52:17; Ru 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the st. cstr.) Ju 18:28; 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לְבִנְיָמִן Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, 20:4; 1 S 17:1; 1 K 15:27; 16:15; 17:9; 19:3; 2 K 14:11. Comp. שֶׁל (q.v.) which in Rabb., like the Aramaic דִּיל-, ܕܺܝܠ, is in habitual use as a mark of the genitive.—N.B. In Aramaic also דּי, ܕ, without ל, expresses the gen. relation, as מִלְּתָא דִי־מַלְכָּא, lit. the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אשׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 S 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׂם Ex 9:5) שְׁמוּאֵל (𝔊 εἶπε); 1 K 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (𝔊 ἣν ἐποίησεν); 2 K 25:10 supply אֵת with (as ‖ Je 52:14); 2 Ch 34:22 read וַאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (cf. 𝔊) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 K 22:14); cf. Ew§ 292 a, b with note.
8. אֲשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דּי, ܕ, a conj. approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (α) with אֵת Dt 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., 29:15; Jos 2:10; 1 S 24:11, 19; 2 S 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר־יֹרוּ how they shoot from off the wall? 2 K 8:12 Is 38:3 + often. As subj. (rare) 1 K 14:19; 2 K 14:15; 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) †2 S 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that … Zc 8:20 (prob.) yet (shall it be) that … v 23; cf. כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Ct 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Ex 11:7; Nu 32:23; Ez 20:26 (strange in Ez: v. Hi) Jb 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ec 8:12, רָאָה Dt 1:31 (RV) 1 S 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Lv 5:5; 26:40b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 K 22:16 (caused to swear that …); after a noun Is 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that … (‖ 2 K 20:9 כִּי) with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Ch 2:7, and especially Ne Est: Ne 2:5, 10; 7:65 (= Ezr 2:63) 8:14, 15; 10:31; 13:1, 19, 22; Est 1:19; 2:10; 3:4; 4:11; 6:2; 8:11; Ec 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) 5:4; 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ru 2:22) v 22, 29; 8:12, 14; 9:1; Dn 1:8^(×2). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q.v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 S 15:20; 2 S 1:4; 2:4 (v. Dr) ψ 10:6 (prob.), Ne 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Gn 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., 13:16; 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Ex 20:26; Dt 4:10, 40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לְךָ 6:3; 28:27, 51; 1 K 3:12, 13; 2 K 9:37; Mal 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Gn 30:18; 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said. 34:13, 27; 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Nu 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Dt 3:24; Jos 4:7, 23; 22:31; Ju 9:17; 1 S 2:23; 15:15; 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) י׳ hath withholden, 2 S 2:5 blessed are ye of י׳, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οἵτινες) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 K 3:19; 15:5; 2 K 12:3; 17:4; 23:26; Je 16:13; Ec 8:11, 12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why …? (= lest) Dn 1:10: v. sub לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Jb 34:27 v. sub כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Lv 4:22 אֲשֶׁר נָשִׂיא יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (v 3, 13, 27 אִם) 25:33; Nu 5:29 (explained differently by Ew§ 334a), Dt 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (v 28 אִם), 18:22 Ges^{§ 159 cc} Jos 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלוּן … when they ask …, then … (v 6 כִּי), Is 31:4. In 1 K 8:33 (‖ 2 Ch 6:24 כִּי, cf. K v 35, 37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 K 8:31 v. p. 85. e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Je 33:22; Is 54:9 (sq. כֵּן; but כֵּן q.v. sometimes stands without כאשׁר, & אשׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Je 48:8 ψ 106:34 (in a connexion where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the obj. of אָמַר). In 1 S 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, v. Dr.In Dt 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note ברכך before. f. combined with preps., אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בַּעֲבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עֵקֶב, מִפְּנֵי, תַּחַת, see these words.—הַאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrog., occurs once, 2 K 6:22.
Note.1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in Engl., its force is not unfreq. capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 S 2:5 (above 8 c), Is 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them.
Note.2 The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q.v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not prob., being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Is 8:20 either ‘Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,’ or ‘… will they speak when (cf. supr. 8 d Dt 11:27; Jos 4:21) they have no dawn.’

אֶ֫שֶׁר

† [אֶ֫שֶׁר, or אָשָׁר, cf. Lag^{BN 143}] n.[m.

אַשֻּׁר

† [אַשֻּׁר] n.f. ^{Jb 31:7} step, going, same usage, אַשֻּׁרִי Jb 31:7; אַשֻּׁרֵנוּ ψ 17:11.

אָשֵׁר

† אָשֵׁר n.pr.m. Asher (happy one, Felix, cf. Ph. אשרשלח, which however may contain (god) Asshur or Osiris, cf. Bae^{Rel 161}).
1. son of Jacob and Zilpah Gn 30:13; 35:26; 46:17 Ex 1:4 Nu 26:46 1 Ch 2:2.
2. the tribe Gn 49:20 Nu 1:13 Dt 27:13; 33:24^(×2) Jos 17:10, 11; 19:34 Ju 1:31; 5:17; 6:35; 7:23 1 K 4:16 1 Ch 12:36 2 Ch 30:11 Ez 48:2, 3, 34; בְּנֵי אָשֵׁר Nu 1:40; 2:27; 7:72; 10:26; 26:44, 47; 34:27 Jos 19:24, 31 1 Ch 7:30, 40; מַטֵּה אָשֵׁר Nu 1:41; 2:27; 13:13 Jos 21:6, 30 1 Ch 6:47, 59.
3. n.pr.loc. city E. of Shechem Jos 17:7.

אָשַׁר

† [אָשַׁר] vb. go straight, go on, advance (Assyrian ašâru Zim^{BP 11}; Arabic Aramaic in deriv.)—
Qal Imv. אִשְׁרוּ Pr 9:6 אִשְׁרוּ בְדֶרֶךְ בִּינָה go straight on in the way of understanding.
Pi. Pf. אִשְּׁרוּ Mal 3:12 Gn 30:13; Impf. תְּאַשֵּׁר Pr 4:14 + 4 times; Imv. אַשֵּׁר Pr 23:19; Pt. pl. מְאַשְּׁרִים Mal 3:15 + 2 times;— 1. intensive go straight on, advance Pr 4:14. 2. causative lead on Pr 23:19 Is 3:12; 9:15. 3. set right, righten Is 1:17. 4. pronounce happy, call blessed Gn 30:13 (J) Jb 29:11 ψ 72:17 Pr 31:28 Ct 6:9 Mal 3:12, 15.
Pu. Impf. Kt יְאֻשַּׁר Qr וְאֻשַּׁר ψ 41:3; Pt. מְאֻשָּׁר Pr 3:18 Is 9:15. 1. be led on Is 9:15. 2. be made happy, blessed ψ 41:3 Pr 3:18.

אֲשַׂרְאֵל

† אֲשַׂרְאֵל n.pr.m. a descendant of Judah 1 Ch 4:16 (the latter element in this & foll. may be אֵל God, but meaning of former part dub. Thes comp. אסר bind, quem Deus obligavit sc. voto).

אֲשַׂרְאֵ֫לָה

† אֲשַׂרְאֵ֫לָה n.pr.m. a son of Asaph 1 Ch 25:2 cf. יְשַׂרְאֵ֫לָה v 14.

אַשְׂרִאֵלִי

† אַשְׂרִאֵלִי adj.gent. הָא׳ as n.coll. Nu 26:31

אֲשֵׁרָה

† אֲשֵׁרָה, אֲשֵׁירָה 2 K 17:16 n.pr.f. Ashera (Assyrian n.pr.f. Aš-ra-tu, c. sign for deity, in Canaanitish n.pr. Abad-Ašratum, servant of A. Schr^{ZA 1888, 363}, cf. Wkl & Abel^{Thontafelfund v. El Amarna ii. No. 77, 1. 9}, & Sayce^{RP2. ii. 67, iii. 71}; on deriv. cf. Assyrian aširat, adj. fem. gracious, COT^Gloss) see now also GFM^{EB Asherah} Dr Dt 16:21 Allen^{DB Asherah}, all doubtful as to Can. goddess Asherah; question left open by Zim^{KAT3. 436 ff.} (on Sem. goddess Aširtu-Ašratu Id. ^{ib. 432 ff.}); but v. Jerem^{AT1 im Licht d. Alten Orients 207} (name of goddess Aširat in letter found at Taanach by Sellin (1902—3) and Id. ^{ib. 37. 237}) (Oppenheim’s find at Ras el-’Ain in Mesop., stone shaft with veiled head as top, supposed to identify post with goddess; if 2 K 23:7 refers to draped Asherim [v. on text Benz Bur], this even more plausible), Id. ^{ib. 23, 208 f., 286}. On pictorial representations of Asherah-symbol v. WHWard^{AJSL xix. 1 (Oct. 1902)}.:—usually with the art.: prob.
a. a Canaanitish goddess of fortune & happiness; having prophets 1 K 18:19, an image 15:13 = 2 Ch 15:16 2 K 21:7, sacred vessels 2 K 23:4, houses v 7. b. a symbol of this goddess, a sacred tree or pole set up near an altar 1 K 16:33 2 K 13:6; 17:16; 18:4; 21:3; 23:6, 15; prohibited Dt 16:21; burnt by Gideon Ju 6:25, 26, 28, 30.
Pl. אֲשֵׁרוֹת a. the goddess Ju 3:7 (prob. error for עַשְׁתָּרֹת 𝔙). b. sacred trees or poles 2 Ch 19:3; 33:3; elsewhere אֲשֵׁרִים id. Is 27:9 + 12 times; sf. Mi 5:13 + 5 times;—Ex 34:13 (J) Dt 7:5; 12:3 Is 17:8; 27:9 Je 17:2 Mi 5:13 1 K 14:15, 23 2 K 17:10, 23:14 2 Ch 14:2; 17:6; 24:18; 31:1; 33:19; 34:3, 4, 7.—(Cf. also Sta^{ZAW 1881, 344 f.} RS^{Sem i. 171 f., 175n.} We^{H 235}, who think א׳ only the sacred pole.)

אָשֵׁרִי

† אָשֵׁרִי adj.gent. c. art. הָא׳ as n.coll. Ju 1:32.

אַשְׂרִיאֵל

† אַשְׂרִיאֵל n.pr.m. a Manassite (Thes votum Dei, cf. supr.) Nu 26:31 Jos 17:2 1 Ch 7:14.

אֲשֻׁרִים

† אֲשֻׁרִים in בַּת א׳ Ez 27:6 (read בִּתְאַשֻּׁרִים with box-wood Bo Hi MV Co al., cf. foll.)

אשׁשׁ

† [אשׁשׁ] (cf. أَسَّسَ found, establish) Hithpo. וְהִתְאשָׁ֑שׁוּ Is 46:8 (der. from above by 𝔗 Jer Hi Kn De MV, shew yourselves firm, but) read perhaps הִתְבּשָׁ֑שׁוּ Lag Che, from בּוֹשׁ (Thes expl. as denom. from אִישׁ; on other views cf. Di).

אֵ֫שֶׁת

אֵ֫שֶׁת v. אִשָּׁה sub III. אנשׁ.

אֶשְׁתָּאוֹל

† אֶשְׁתָּאוֹל Jos 15:33 + 2 times, אֶשְׁתָּאֹל Ju 13:25 + 3 times n.pr.loc. (in form like the inf. of the Arabic viii. conj. from שָׁאַל: so אֶשְׁתְּמֹעַ from שָׁמַע. Perhaps Arabic-speaking tribes may have settled in parts of S. of Judah) city of Danites in the שְׁפֵלָה of Judah, named with צָרְעָה Jos 15:33; 19:41 Ju 13:25; 16:31; 18:2, 8, 11; perhaps mod. ’Eshûʿ^a Survey^{iii. 25} Guerin^{Pal. ii. 13 f. 382}.

אֶשְׁתָּאֻלִי

† אֶשְׁתָּאֻלִי adj.gent. c. art. הָא׳ as n.coll. 1 Ch 2:53.

אֶשְׁתּוֹן

† אֶשְׁתּוֹן n.pr.m. a man of Judah (perhaps from אֵשֶׁת = effeminate or uxorious) 1 Ch 4:11, 12.

אֶשְׁתְּמוֹעַ

† אֶשְׁתְּמוֹעַ Jos 21:4, אֶשְׁתְּמֹעַ 1 S 30:28 1 Ch 4:17, 19; 6:42. אֶשְׁתְּמֹה Jos 15:50 n.pr.loc. Levitical city in mountain-country of Judah, south of Hebron, mod. Semûʿ^a v. Rob^{BR i. 464, ii. 204} Survey ^{iii. 403} Bd^{Pal. 153}; 1 Ch 4:17, 19 it appears as n.pr.m. of a man of Judah. (On the form cf. sub אֶשְׁתָּאוֹל.)

אֶשְׁתְּמוֹעַ²

אֶשְׁתְּמוֹעַ v. p. 84.

אֵת

I. אֵת with makk. אֶת־, with suff. אֹתִי; אֹֽתְךָ, אֹֽתְכָה †Nu 22:33, אֹתָ֑ךְ, אֹתָ֑כָה †Ex 29:35, fem. אֹתָךְ; אֹתוֹ etc.; 2 pl. אֶתְכֶם, once אֽוֹתְכֶם Jos 23:15; 3 mpl. regularly אֹתָם, rarely אֶתְהֶם †Gn 32:1; Ex 18:20; Nu 21:3; Ez 34:12; 1 Ch 6:50, once אֽוֹתְהֶם Ez 23:45; 3 fpl., on the contrary, regularly אֶתְהֶן (13 times), once אֹתָ֑ן Ez 16:54 (also אֽוֹתְהֶן Ez 23:47, אֹתָ֖נָה Ex 35:26, אוֹתָ֖נָה Ez 34:21); forms with cholem also often written plene:—the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moab. id., Ph. אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd ^{p. 213 f.}); Aramaic יָת freq. in 𝔗; Syriac ܝܳܬ very rare as mark of accus. (for which ܠ is prefered), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܒܝܳܬܶܗ per se, reapse, ܠܝܳܬܶܗ sibi ipsi, PS ^{1640 f.}, Sam. ࠉࠕ; Arabic إِيَّا, only used with sf., when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W^{AG i. § 189}. [Ethiopic uses ኪያ kīyā similarly, Di ^{§ 150 a}; but it is dub. if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ’iwyath, orig. a subst. with foll. gen., Ol ^{p. 432}; whether ultim. a parallel development with אוֹת sign from √ אוה is uncertain: Ol W^{AG i. § 188} Lag^{M i. 226} affirm, Nö^{ZMG 1886, 738} doubts. In Heb. the ground-form is אוֹת; the forms with ē, e being abbreviated. In postB Heb., used in combination with another prep.: thus בְּאוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Bibl. בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוֹתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוֹתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Bibl. הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).
1. As mark of the accus. prefixed to substs. defined either by the art. (or כֹּל), or by a genitive or pron. affix, or in virtue of being proper names: a. with transitive verbs, Gn 1:1, 16, 29, 30; 2:11; 4:1, 2; 9:3 (אֶת־כֹּֽל׃) etc. Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Jos 24:15; 1 S 12:3; 28:11; Is 6:8 al. (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Gn 29:33; 44:29; 1 S 21:16; 1 K 22:27 +, זֹאת Gn 29:27; 2 S 13:17 +, אֵלֶּה Gn 46:18; Lv 11:22; Is 49:21 +. So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry את is commonly dispensed with. By the use of את with the pron. affix, a pron. can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the foll. passages: Gn 7:1; 24:14; 37:4; Lv 10:17; 11:33; Nu 22:23 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive (cf. Gn 41:13), Dt 4:14; 6:13, 23; 13:5; Ju 14:3 אוֹתָהּ קַח לִי take for me her, 1 S 14:35; 15:1; 18:17; 21:10 אִם־אֹתָהּ תִּקַּח־לְךָ קָ֔ח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 K 1:35; 14:19; Is 43:22; 57:11 Je 9:2. So הַאוֹתִי †Je 5:22; 7:19. It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Je 7:19 Ez 34:2. Rarely with a subst. which is undefined (Ew§ 277 d 2 Ges^{§ 117, 1 R. 2}), as Ex 21:28; Nu 21:9; Lv 20:14; 1 S 24:6 (but v. Dr) 2 S 4:11; 18:18; 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the art., Gn 21:30; 2 S 15:16; Lv 26:5; 1 S 9:3 (so Nu 16:15) Is 33:19; 41:7; Ez 43:10 (for further exx. v. Ew l.c.) b. with a passive verb (Ges^{§ 121.1} Ew§ 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accus. of that which is its real object: exx. occur with tolerable frequency from Gn 4:18 (J) וַיִּקָּרֵא אֶת־שְׁמוֹ חֲנֹךְ, and there was called (= one called) his name Enoch,17:5 (P) there shall not be called (= one shall not call) thy name any more Abram, 21:5 (E), 27:42 2 S 21:11; 1 K 18:13; Ho 10:6 etc., to Je 35:14; 38:4; 50:20 Ez 16:4, 5 Est 2:13 (cf. Dr^{JPhl. xi. 227 f.}): also with pass. vbs. of filling (Ew§ 281 b), as Ex 1:7 +. c. with neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a constr. κατὰ σύνεσιν (rare), Jos 22:17; 2 S 11:25; Ne 9:32 (cf. 1 S 20:13 Dr 1 K 8:31). Once after אֵין, Hg 2:17 אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֵלַי. d. poet. (si vera l.), after an abstr. noun used with a verbal force, †Hb 3:13 (Am 4:11; Is 13:19; Je 50:40 מַהְפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [v. W^{AG i. § 196, 43}]; and Nu 10:2; Ez 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׂאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: cf. Ew§ 239 a).
2. את marks an accus. in other relations than that of direct obj. to a verb: a. with verbs of motion (very rare) Nu 13:17; Dt 1:19; 2:7 (to ‘walk the wilderness’); denoting the goal Ju 19:18; Ez 21:25 (Ew§ 281 d, n., 282 a 1). b. denoting time (duration), also very rare: Ex 13:7 Lv 25:22 Dt 9:25. c. expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Gn 17:11, 14; 1 K 15:23.
3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be renderes as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a cstr. κατὰ σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other prep. Thus (α) Ex 1:14; Nu 3:26, 46; 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ez 35:10) Nu 18:21b Dt 11:2 (anacol.), 14:13 Jos 17:11; Ju 20:44, 46 (contr. v 25, 35) 1 S 17:34 (v. Dr) 26:16; 2 S 21:22; 2 K 6:5; Is 53:8 (prob.), 57:12; Je 23:33 (but read rather with 𝔊 𝔙 אַתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) 27:8; 36:22; 38:16 Kt, 45:4b Ez 16:22; 17:21; 20:16; 29:4b; 43:7 (𝔊 Co prefix הֲרָאִיתָ) 44:3; Zc 8:17; Ec 4:3; Dn 9:13; Ne 9:19, 34; 1 Ch 2:9; 2 Ch 31:17. In 1 S 30:23; Hg 2:5 prob. some such word as remember is to be understood. (β) Je 38:9; Ez 14:22b; 37:19b Zc 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 K 6:5; Ez 43:17 strangely (in 1 K 𝔊 om. the clause: so Sta^{ZAW 1883, 135}).—In 1 K 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (v. וְ); v 25 is corrupt (read with 𝔊 זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדָד); Ez 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for ואת, זֹאת: see v 20.—For some particulars as to the use of את, see A. M. Wilson^{Hbr. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff.} (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pron. obj. of a vb., את with suff. preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with JE Dt Ju S K (v. Giesebrecht^{ZAW 1881, 285 f.}),—partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

אַתְּ

אַתְּ, אָ֑תְּ pron. 2 s. f. thou (fem.) (shortened from אַתִּי (q.v.); in Syriac the two genders are written differently, ܐܰܢ̱ܬ݀, ܐܰܢ̱ܬ݀ܝ, but, the ܝ not being sounded, are pronounced alike: in 𝔗 both are written אַתְּ or אַנְתְּ) Gn 12:11, 13; 24:23 + often. Thrice Nu 11:15; Dt 5:24; Ez 28:14 used as a masc. (as in Aramaic of 𝔗); but prob. אַתָּ (v. sub אַתָּה) should be here read.

אֵת²

II. אֵת prep. with—with makk. אֶת־, with suff. אִתִּי, אִתְּךָ, אִתְּכֶם etc., also, however, אֽוֹתְךָ, אוֹתוֹ, and similarly מֵאֽוֹתְךָ, מֵאוֹתוֹ etc., first in Jos 10:25; 14:12, next 2 S 24:24; then repeatedly (but not exclusively) 1 K 20—2 K 8, & in Je Ez, e.g. 1 K 20:25 (but v 23 אִתָּם) 22:7, 8, 24 (beside מֵאתִּי) 2 K 1:15; 3:11, 12, 26; 6:16 (beside אִתָּנוּ) 8:8; Je 2:35; 10:5; 16:8; 19:10; 20:11; Ez 2:6; 10:17; 23:23; 37:26 (v. infr. 1 d.; also Is 59:21, contr. Gn 17:4: on שָׁכַב אֹתָהּ, Gn 34:2 al., v. sub שָׁכֵב & cf. Dr^{Sm ii. 13, 14})—prep. denoting proximity (syn. עִם; Ph. את, e.g. CIS ^{i. 3, 8} לא יכן לם משכב את רפאם let there not be for them a resting-place with the shades; Assyrian itti (perhaps akin to ittu ‘side,’ Dl^{Pr 115} Hpt KAT^{2. 498}; but cf. Nö^{ZMG ’86, 738 f.}). Not found as yet in the other cogn. languages: but cf. Ethiopic እንተ ʾenta, towards, which supports the view that אֵת is for ʾint [cf. תֵּת, תִּתִּי], perhaps from √ אנה to meet Ol^{p. 431} Prät^{ZMG ’73, 643}, Lag^{M i. 226}).
1. Of companionship, together with: Gn 6:13 behold, I destroy them אֶת־הָאָרֶץ together with the earth, 11:31; 12:4 + often, especially with verbs of dwelling, abiding, going, etc., as Ju 1:3; 14:11; 19:4, & in the phrase הָעָם אֲשֶׁר אִתּוֹ Ju 4:13; 7:1; 9:33, 48; 1 S 14:20; 30:4 etc.; thou, and thy sons אִתָּֽךְ ׃ … with thee Gn 6:18; similarly (3^rd pers.) 7:7, 13; 8:18; 9:8 al. (charact. of P: Dr^{Intr. 124}); הִתְהַלֵּךְ אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִים to walk with God, i.e. to have him as a companion (sc. by adopting a course of life pleasing to him) Gn 5:22, 24; 6:9 (cf. הִתְהַלֵּךְ אֵת lit. 1 S 25:15);—by the side of, like Is 45:9, equally with Lv 26:39, in common with Je 23:28b (cf. עִם 1 e, f). Hence, in partic.— a. with for the purpose of help: Nu 14:9 וי׳ אִתָּנוּ, Jos 14:12 (אוֹתִי, as Je 20:11) Ju 1:19; 2 K 6:16; 9:32 מִי אִתִּי מִי who is on my side, who? כִּי אִתְּךָ אֲנִי Is 43:5 Je 1:8, 19 +; Is 63:3 ψ 12:5 our lips are with us, on our side (s. 3 a); in the phrase יַד פּ׳ אֵת (הָֽיְתָה) 2 S 14:19 2 K 15:19 (ידיו) Je 26:24; נָשָׂא אֵת to bear together with, i.e. to assist Ex 18:22 Nu 11:17. Exceptionally, = with the help of: Gn 4:1 for I have gotten a man אֶת־י׳ with the help of י׳ (cf. עם 1 S 14:45) 49:25 (where, however, the parallelism, & 𝔊 𝔖 Sam. favour וְאֵל שַׁדַּי for וְאֵת שַׁדַּי) Mi 3:8; cf. Est 9:29. b. beside (Germ. neben): Gn 39:6 לֹא יָדַע אִתּוֹ מְאוּמָה he knew not with him, beside him, aught (i.e. Joseph managed everything), v 8 Ex 20:23 לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּ֑י ye shall not make (aught) beside me. c. beside = in the presence of (rare): Gn 20:16b and before all thou shalt be righted, Is 30:8 Mi 6:1. In this sense אֶת־פְּנֵי פּ׳ is more freq., v. sub פָּנִים. d. of intercourse of different kinds with another, e.g. after verbs of making a covenant or contract, or (less often) of speaking or dealing: (α) Gn 9:9; 15:18; 17:4 (Ez 16:60 Is 59:21 אוֹת-) Jos 10:4 1 K 3:1 etc.; cf. 1 S 2:13 (but here הַכֹּהֵן מֵאֶת־ is prob. to be read with 𝔊 𝔖 𝔗 Ke We etc., cf. Dt 18:3). (β) Gn 17:3; 42:30 דִּבֶּר אִתָּנוּ קָשׁוֹת, 1 K 8:15 ψ 109:2, & especially in Je and Ez (as Je 1:16; 4:12 [52:9 אִתּוֹ] 5:5; 12:1; Ez 2:1; 3:22, 24, 27; 14:4; 44:5—all אוֹת-); Gn 24:49 to perform kindness אֵת (עִם is here more genl.), 2 S 16:17 זֶה חַסְדְּךָ אֶת־רֵעֶ֑ךָ, Ru 2:20 Zc 7:9; Ju 11:27 וְאַתָּה עשֶֹׁה אִתִּי רָעָה, Dt 1:30; 10:21 1 S 12:7b, (אוֹת-) Je 21:2; 33:9 Ez 7:27; 16:59; 22:14; 23:25, 29; 39:24; abs. Ez 17:17; 20:44 ψ 109:21 Zp 3:19; (γ) in a pregn. sense, (in dealing) with, i.e. towards (rare): Is 66:14 ψ 67:2 יָאֵר פָּנָיו אִתָּנוּ make his face to shine with (= toward) us (varied from אֶל Nu 6:25) Dt 28:8; faithful with ψ 78:8 (cf. v 37 נָכוֹן עִם); Ez 2:6 (אוֹתָ֑ךְ); Ju 16:15 וְלִבְּךָ אֵין אִתִּי. (δ) often with verbs of fighting, striving, contending, as Gn 14:2, 8, 9 Nu 20:13 Is 45:9a; 50:8 ψ 35:1 Pr 23:11; with בָּא בְמִשְׁפָּט ψ 143:2 (Is 3:14 al. עִם).
2. Of localities, especially in the phrase אֲשֶׁר אֵת describing a site: Ju 3:19; 4:11 אֲשֶׁר אֶת־קֶדֶשׁ which is near Kedesh, 1 K 9:26 2 K 9:27 (cf. עם 2, which is commoner in this sense); Ez 43:8; Ex 33:21 הִנֵּה מָקוֹם אִתִּי. Perhaps, anomalously, 1 S 7:16 at or by all those places (but v. Dr); in 2 S 15:23 עַל־פְּנֵי דֶרֶךְ אֶת־הַמִּדְבָּר, אֵת = towards is against anal.: read with 𝔊L עַל־פָּנָיו דֶּרֶךְ הַזַּיִת אֲשֶׁר בַּמִּדְבָּר; 1 K 9:25 אִתּוֹ beside it (sc. the altar); but עָלָיו 13:1 etc. would be idiomatic, & for אִתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר Klo proposes plausibly אֶת־אִשּׁוֹ (v. Ex 30:20).
3. אֵת פּ׳ denotes specially, a. in one’s possession or keeping: Gn 27:15; 30:29 thou knowest אֵת אֲשֶׁר הָיָה מִקְנְךָ אִתִּי … how thy cattle fared with me, v 33; 42:16 Lv 5:23; 19:13 Dt 15:3 Ju 17:2 1 S 9:7 מָה אִתָּנוּ = what have we? 25:29 Is 49:4 my right is with Jehovah (contr. 40:27), Je 8:8 ψ 38:11 the light of mine eyes also אֵין אִתִּי i.e. is gone from me, Pr 3:28; 8:18; in his power, Je 10:5 הֵיטֵיב אֵין אוֹתָם is not in their power, perhaps ψ 12:5. A dream, or the word of י׳, is said to be אֵת with a prophet, 2 K 3:12 Je 23:28; 27:18. Metaph. of a mental quality, Pr 11:2; 13:10. b. in one’s knowledge or memory: Is 59:12 פְּשָׁעֵינוּ אִתָּנוּ our transgressions are with us, i.e. present to our minds (‖ וַעֲוֹנֹתֵינוּ יְדַעֲנוּם), Jb 12:3 אֶת־מִי־אֵין כְּמוֹ־אֵלֶּה with whom are not (i.e. who knoweth not? τίς οὐ σύνοιδε;) things like these? 14:5 אִתָּךְ i.e. known to thee, Pr 2:1 Gn 40:14 Je 12:3 (Ew Gf towards thee, as 1 d γ). So אִם־יֵשׁ אֶת־נַפְשְׁכֶם Gn 23:8 [2 K 9:15 נ׳ alone], אֶת־לְבָבְךָ 2 K 10:15. Comp. עם 4 b, which is more frequent in this sense.
4. מֵאֵת (מֵאִתִּי, etc.; also מֵאוֹת-, v. p. 85) from proximity with (like Gk. παρά with a genit., Fr de chez; in Syriac ܡܶܢ ܠܘܳܬ Arabic مِنْ عِنْدَ correspond. Synon. מֵעִם; see below): coupled almost always with persons (contrast מֵעִם, a). Thus a. with קָנָה to buy Gn 25:10 + often; (cf. 17:27); לָקַח Gn 42:24 Ex 25:2 Lv 25:36 Nu 17:17 + often; נָשָׂא ψ 24:5; שִׁלַּח, as Gn 8:8 וַיְשַׁלַּח אֶת־הַיּוֹנָה מֵאִתּוֹ and he sent forth the dove from with him 26:27; הָלַךְ Gn 26:31 1 K 18:12; 20:36 Je 9:1, of a wife deserting her husband Ju 19:2 וַתֵּלֶךְ מֵאִתּוֹ, Je 3:1 (cf. Is 57:8); with sim. words Gn 38:1 Dt 2:8 1 K 11:23 Je 2:37 (v. Ex 5:20); Is 54:10 ψ 66:20; with שָׁאַל Ju 1:14 1 K 2:16 ψ 27:4 +, דָּרַשׁ 1 K 22:7 al., שָׁמַע 1 S 2:23.—מֵאֵת פְּנֵי פּ׳ Gn 27:30; 43:34 Ex 10:11 Jb 2:7; Lv 10:4 (הַקֹּדֶשׁ), 2 K 16:14 (הַבַּיִת). Hence b. of rights or dues, handed over from, given on the part of, any one: Gn 47:22 חֹק מֵאֵת פַּרְעֹה; often in P, as Gn 23:20 Ex 27:21 a perpetual due מֵאֵת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל from, or on the part of, the children of Israel, Lv 7:34b; 24:8 Nu 3:9; 7:84 +; Dt 18:3 1 S 2:13 (𝔊, etc.; v. 1 d) 2 S 15:3 וְשֹׁמֵעַ אֵין־לְךָ מֵאֵת הַמֶּלֶךְ but there is none to hear thee deputed of the king, 1 K 5:14. c. expressing origination: 1 K 1:27 אִם מֵאֵת אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ נִהְיָה Especially מֵאֵת י׳—of a concrete object proceeding from him: Gn 19:24 (brimstone), Nu 11:31 (a wind), 16:35 (fire), 1 S 16:14 (evil spirit), Is 38:7 (a sign), Je 51:53 (wasters), Mi 5:6 (dew); of wrath Zc 7:12 (cf. Nu 17:11), teaching Is 51:4, the word of prophecy Je 7:1 (so 11:1; 18:1 + often in Je) 37:17 Ez 33:30; with ‘have I (we) heard’ Is 21:10; 28:22 Je 49:14 (= Ob 1); of an event, or phase of history Jos 11:20 מֵאֵת י׳ הָֽיְתָה it came of י׳ to …, 1 K 12:24 Hb 2:13 ψ 118:23 מֵאֵת י׳ הָֽיְתָה זֹאת (𝔊 παρὰ Κυρίου) Ezr 9:8 Ne 6:16; of trouble (רָעָה) 2 K 6:33 Mi 1:12 (יָרַד); of a good or evil lot, having its source in י׳ Je 13:25 Is 54:17 ψ 109:20, cf. Jb 2:10; ψ 22:26 מֵאִתְּךָ תְהִלָּתִי from thee cometh my praise (thou art the source of it); Is 44:24 Qr מֵאִתִּי of myself (cf. ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ John 5:30; Kt is מִי אִתִּי who was with me?), 54:15 אֶפֶס מֵאוֹתִי not at my instance (cf. לֹא מִנִּי 30:1, לֹא מִמֶּנִּי Ho 8:4). d. of a place †1 K 6:33 (corrupt: read with 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 [partly] מְזוּזֹת רְבֻעוֹת, & cf. Ez 41:21).
Note. אֵת expresses closer association than עִם: hence while מֵעִם sometimes denotes hardly more than from the surroundings or belongings of, מֵאֵת expresses from close proximity to. Thus Saul asks, מִי הָלַךְ מֵעִמָּנוּ who has gone from (those) about us? but Jacob, speaking of the loss of Joseph, says, Gn 44:28 וַיֵּצֵא הָאֶחָד מֵאִתִּי and the one is gone from with me. מֵאֵת is accordingly preferred to מֵעִם in the sense of origination or authorship; מאת is not usual in the sense of מֵעִם c, nor מֵעִם in the sense of מֵאֵת b.

אֵת³

III. אֵת v. אתת.

אֵת⁴

† III. [אֵת] n.[m.] a cutting instrument of iron, usually transl. ploughshare—sg. sf. אֵתוֹ 1 S 13:20; pl. אֵתִים 1 S 13:21, אִתִּים Is 2:4 = Mi 4:3; sf. אִתֵּיכֶם Jo 4:10; according to Klo al. also 2 K 6:5 אֶת־הַבַּרְזֶל, i.e. the axe of iron.

אֶתְבַּ֫עַל

† אֶתְבַּ֫עַל n.pr.m. Ethbaal (with Baal, i.e. living under B.’s favour; Ἰθόβαλος, Εἰθώβαλος Jos^{Ant. viii, 13, 1, viii, 13, 2, c. Ap. 1, 18}; on later king of like name, in Assyrian Tubaʾlu, v. COT Gn 10:15) king of Sidon, father of Jezebel 1 K 16:31.

אַתָּ֫ה

אַתָּ֫ה, אָ֑תָּה (so regularly; but 26—7 times, with different disj. accents, אַ֑תָּה: v. Fr^{MM 228}; Sta^{§ 178 a (read 8 for 18)} pron. 2 s. m. thou (for anta, v. supr.; cf. נָתַתָּ for נָתַנְתָּ) Gn 3:11, 19 + often. Written אַתָּ †1 S 24:18 ψ 6:4; Jb 1:10; Ec 7:22; Ne 9:6. Appended to a vb. for emph., Ex 18:19^(×2) 1 S 17:56 שְׁאַל אַתָּה inquire thou, 20:8; 22:18; Is 43:26 סַפֵּר אַתָּה. Added for the purpose of strengthening a gen. or accus. sf. 1 K 21:19; Pr 22:19 (Ges^{§ 135, 2}).

אַתָּה

אַתָּה, אַתְּ, אַתְּי v. sub אנת.

אָתָה

† אָתָה vb. come (in Heb. only poet.) (Arabic أَتَى, Sab. אתו DHM^{ZMG 1875, 597; 1883, 343}, Aramaic אֲתָא, ܐܶܬܳܐ )—
Qal Pf. א׳ Dt 33:2; אָתָא Is 21:12 v. Ges^{§ 75 R. 22}; 1 pl. אָתָנוּ Je 3:22; Impf. יֶאֱתֶה Jb 37:22 Pr 1:27; וַיֵּתֵא Dt 33:21 (= וַיֶּאֱתֶה cf. Di Kö^{i. 577}), וַיַּאת Is 41:25; sf. וַיֶּאֱתָיֵנִי Jb 3:25; 3 fs. תֵּאתֶה Mi 4:8; 3 mpl. יֶאֱתָ֫יוּ Jb 16:22 + 2 times; וַיֶּאֱתָיוּ֑ן Is 41:5; Imv. mpl. אֵתָ֫יוּ Is 21:12 + 2 times; Pt. fpl. אֹתִיּוֹת Is 41:23 + 2 times;—come, of men Dt 33:21 ψ 68:32 Is 41:25; 56:12 Imv. = come now, with hostile purpose Jb 30:14, of men unto י׳ Je 3:22 (sq. לְ) cf. Is 21:12; of י׳ Dt 33:2; of ends of earth, etc., personif. Is 41:5; of time, morning Is 21:12, years Jb 16:22; of weather Jb 37:22; of beasts, to devour Is 56:9 (sq. inf.), of calamity Pr 1:27 Jb 3:25 come upon, c. sf., of dominion Mi 4:8 (sq. עַד). Pt. pl. fem. as subst. things to come, future things Is 41:23; 44:7; 45:11.
Hiph. bring, Imv. הֵתָ֫יוּ מַיִם Is 21:14 bring water (on form, for הֶאֱתוּ cf. Di Ew§ 141 a Ges^{§ 68, 2 R. 1, § 76. 2 (c1)}); Je 12:9 bring beasts, to devour.

אָתוֹן

† אָתוֹן n.f. ^{Gn 45:23} she-ass (Arabic أَتَانٌ, Aramaic אַתָּנָא, ܐܰܬܳܢܳܐ, Assyrian atânu)—אָתוֹן Nu 22:23 + 10 times; אֲתֹנְךָ Nu 22:30, 32; אֲתֹנוֹ Gn 49:11 + 2 times; pl. abs. אֲתֹנֹת Gn 12:16 + 2 times; אֲתֹנוֹת Ju 5:10 + 12 times; אֲתוֹנוֹת Jb 1:3; 42:12;—she-ass, as dam Gn 49:11 Zc 9:9; as property (constituting wealth) Gn 12:16; 32:16 Jb 1:3, 14; 42:12 cf. 1 Ch 27:30; so of the asses of Kish 8 times 1 S 9:3^(×2), 5, 20; 10:2^(×2), 14, 16; as beasts of burden Gn 45:23; for riding Ju 5:10 Nu 22:21, 22 2 K 4:22, 24; of Balaam’s ass 14 times Nu 22:21, 22, 23^(×3), 25, 27^(×2), 28, 29, 30^(×2), 32, 33.

אתוק

† [אתוק] n.m. gallery, porch (deriv. uncertain) Ez 41:15 Kt ואתוקיהא, Qr וְאַתִּיקֶיהָא, Co (q.v.) וקירותיהָ.

אתי

אתי i.e. אַתִּי, the older & more original form of אַתְּ thou (fem.), preserved, prob. dialectically, 7 times in Kt, Ju 17:2; 1 K 14:2; 2 K 4:16, 23; 8:1; Je 4:30; Ez 36:13. (V. supr. As in Syriac, the י may not have been fully sounded: the Massorites direct אַתְּ to be everywhere read.)

אִתַּי

† אִתַּי n.pr.m. (perhaps from אֵת with = companionable)—
1. one of David’s captains, a native of Gath 2 S 15:19, 21, 22^(×2); 18:2, 5, 12.
2. one of David’s 30 mighty men, a Benjamite 2 S 23:29 (in 1 Ch 11:31 אִתַי var. אִיתַי).

אִתַּי²

אִתַּי, אִ (י)תַי, אִיתִיאֵל v. sub II. אֵת.

אַתִּיק

† אַתִּיק n.m. id. Ez 42:3^(×2); pl. אַתִּיקִים Ez 42:5; 41:15 Qr, v. אתוק Kt; v 16 הָאַתִּיקִים (Co del.).

אֵתָם

† אֵתָם n.pr.loc. (perhaps = Egyptian Chetem, cf. Ebers^{GS 521 f.} but 𝔊 Ὀθομ, Ὀθωμ, cf. Lag^{BN 54}) Ex 13:20 in Egypt, place on edge of desert, so Nu 33:6, 7; מִדְבַּר אֵתָם Nu 33:8.

אַתֶּם

אַתֶּם pron. 2 m.pl. you (masc.) (for antem, v. supr.) Gn 9:7; 26:27; 29:4 + often. With הֲ, הָאַתֶּם †Ju 6:31; following the vb. for emph. Ju 15:12; Je 34:15; construed inaccurately with a fem. Ez 13:20.

אַתֶּם²

אַתֶּם v. sub אנת.

אֶתְמוֹל

אֶתְמוֹל v. sub תמל.

אתן

אתן (meaning? Thes comps. Arabic اتَنَ take short steps, but this appy. only by-form of أَتَلَ ).

אֵתָן

אֵתָן v. sub. יתן.

אַתֵּן

† אַתֵּן Ez 34:31 (many edd. אַתֶּן), אַתֵּ֫נָה Gn 31:6 Ez 13:11, 20 (edd. אַתֵּ֫נָּה) 34:17 pron. 2 f.pl. you (fem.)

אַתֵּן²

אַתֵּן, אַתֵּנָה v. sub אנת.

אֶתְנָה

אֶתְנָה v. תנה.

אֶתְנָה²

† אֶתְנָה n.f. hire of a harlot;—א׳ abs., Ho 2:14 (in fig. of Israel as adulteress);—on אֶתְנַן (which We Now Marti read here also) v. II. תנן.

אֶתְנִי

† אֶתְנִי n.pr.m. an ancestor of Asaph 1 Ch 6:26 apparently identical with יְאָֽתְרַי v 6.

אֶתְנַן

אֶתְנַן v. sub II. תנן.

אֶתְנָֽן

אֶתְנָֽן n.pr.m. 1 Ch 4:7.

אֶתְנַן²

† אֶתְנַן n.m. Ez 16:34 hire of harlot ( = אֶתְנָה);—abs. א׳ Ez 16:34, 41, אֶתְנָ֑ן Ho 9:1 +; cstr. אֶתֽנַן Dt 23:19 +; sf. אֶתְנַנָּהּ Is 23:18, נָּהֿ— v 17; pl. sf. אֶתְנַנֶּיהָ Mi 1:7a (We proposes אֲשֵׁרֶיהָ, cf. Now Marti);—harlot’s hire, Dt 23:19 (א׳ זוֹנָה), elsewhere in fig.: of idolatrous Israel Ho 9:1, Jerus. Ez 16:31, 34^(×2), 41, Tyre Is 23:17, 18; of costly idols of Samaria Mi 1:7b, 7c, cf. v 7a (v. supra).

אֲתָרִים

† אֲתָרִים n.pr.loc. only Nu 21:1 דֶּרֶךְ הָא׳; so 𝔊, perhaps (Di) name of a caravan-route, cf. أَثَرٌ vestige, footprint; others (after 𝔗 𝔖) transl. way of the spies (cf. 13:2); but הָאֲתָרִים for הַתָּרִים is highly improbable, and a locality would hardly receive its designation from the spies.

אתת

אתת (? √ of following, meaning dubious. Lag^{M ii. 254} proposes √ אנה, whence he derives also Arabic مَأْنٌ a tool used in tillage).