Smith's Bible Dictionary
H
Ha-ahashtari — Harnepher
Ha-ahashtari
Ha-ahash’tari (the courier), a man or a family immediately descended from Ashur, “father of Tekoa,” by his second wife Naarah. 1 Chronicles 4:6. (b.c. after 1450.)
Habaiah
Habai’ah, or Haba’jah (whom Jehovah hides). Bene-Habaiah were among the sons of the priests who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. Ezra 2:61; Nehemiah 7:63. (b.c. before 459.)
Habakkuk
Hab’akkuk, or Habak’kuk (embrace), the eighth in order of the minor prophets. Of the facts of the prophet’s life we have no certain information. He probably lived about the twelfth or thirteenth year of Josiah, b.c. 630 or 629.
Habakkuk Prophecy of
Hab’akkuk, Prophecy of, consists of three chapters, in the first of which he foreshadows the invasion of Judea by the Chaldeans, and in the second he foretells the doom of the Chaldeans. The whole concludes with the magnificent psalm in ch. Habakkuk 3, a composition unrivalled for boldness of conception, sublimity of thought and majesty of diction.
Habaziniah
Habazini’ah (light of Jehovah), apparently the head of one of the families of the Rechabites. Jeremiah 35:3. (b.c. before 589.)
Habergeon
Habergeon, a coat of mail covering the neck and breast. [ARMS.]
Habor
Ha’bor (beautiful banks), the “river of Gozan,” 2 Kings 17:6 and 2 Kings 18:11, is identified beyond all reasonable doubt with the famous affluent of the Euphrates, which is called Aborrhas and Chaboras by ancient writers, and now Khabour.
Hachaliah
Hachali’ah (whom Jehovah enlightens), the father of Nehemiah. Nehemiah 1:1; Nehemiah 10:1.
Hachilah The hill
Hach’ilah, The hill, a hill apparently situated in a wood in the wilderness or waste land in the neighborhood of Ziph, in Judah, in the fastnesses or passes of which David and his six hundred followers were lurking when the Ziphites informed Saul of his whereabouts. 1 Samuel 23:19; comp. 1 Samuel 23:18.
Hachmoni
Hach’moni (wise), Son of, and The Hach’monite. 1 Chronicles 11:11; 1 Chronicles 27:32. Hachmon or Hachmoni was no doubt the founder of a family to which these men belonged: the actual father of Jashobeam was Zabdiel, 1 Chronicles 27:2, and he is also said to have belonged to the Korhites. 1 Chronicles 12:6. (b.c. before 1046.)
Hadad
Ha’dad (mighty), originally the indigenous appellation of the sun among the Syrians, and thence transferred to the king as the highest of earthly authorities. The title appears to have been an official one, like Pharaoh. It is found occasionally in the altered form Hadar. Genesis 25:15; Genesis 36:39, compared with 1 Chronicles 1:30, 1 Chronicles 1:50.
1. Son of Ishmael. Genesis 25:15; 1 Chronicles 1:30.
2. A king of Edom who gained an important victory over the Midianites on the field of Moab. Genesis 36:35; 1 Chronicles 1:46.
3. Also a king of Edom, with Pau for his capital. 1 Chronicles 1:50.
4. A member of the royal house of Edom. 1 Kings 11:14-16. In his childhood he escaped the massacre under Joab, and fled with a band of followers into Egypt. Pharaoh, the predecessor of Solomon’s father-in-law, treated him kindly, and gave him his sister-in-law in marriage. After David’s death Hadad resolved to attempt the recovery of his dominion. He left Egypt and returned to his own country.
Hadadezer
Hadade’zer. 2 Samuel 8:3-12; 1 Kings 11:23. [HADAREZER.]
Hadad-rimmon
Ha’dad-rim’mon is, according to the ordinary interpretation of Zechariah 12:11, a place in the valley of Megiddo (a part of the plain of Esdraelon, six miles from Mount Carmel and eleven from Nazareth), where a national lamentation was held for the death of King Josiah. It was named after two Syrian idols.
Hadar
Ha’dar. [HADAD.]
Hadarezer
Hadare’zer (Hadad’s help), son of Rehob, 2 Samuel 8:3, the king of the Armite state of Zobah, who was pursued by David and defeated with great loss. 1 Chronicles 18:3, 1 Chronicles 18:4. (b.c. 1035.) After the first repulse of the Ammonites and their Syrian allies by Joab, Hadarezer sent his army to the assistance of his kindred the people of Maachah, Rehob, and Ishtob. 1 Chronicles 19:16; 2 Samuel 10:15, comp. 2 Samuel 10:8. Under the command of Shophach or Shobach, the captain of the host, they crossed the Euphrates, joined the other Syrians, and encamped at a place called Helam. David himself came from Jerusalem to take the command of the Israelite army. As on the former occasion, the rout was complete.
Hadashah
Had’ashah (new), one of the towns of Judah, in the maritime low country, Joshua 15:37 only, probably the Adasa of the Maccabean history.
Hadassah
Hadas’sah (myrtle), probably the earlier name of Esther. Esther 2:7.
Hadattah
Hadat’tah (new). According to the Authorized Version, one of the towns of Judah in the extreme south. Joshua 15:25.
Hades
Ha’des, in Revised Version. [See HELL.]
Hadid
Ha’did (sharp), a place named, with Lod (Lydda) and Ono, only in the later books of the history. Ezra 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; Nehemiah 11:34. In the time of Eusebius a town called Aditha or Adatha existed to the east of Diospolis (Lydda). This was probably Hadid.
Hadla-i
Had’la-i (rest of God), a man of Ephraim. 2 Chronicles 28:12.
Hadoram
Hado’ram (noble honor).
1. The fifth son of Joktan. Genesis 10:27; 1 Chronicles 1:21. His settlements, unlike those of many of Joktan’s sons, have not been identified.
2. Son of Tou or Toi king of Hamath; his father’s ambassador to congratulate David on his victory over Hadarezer king of Zobah. 1 Chronicles 18:10. (b.c. 1035.)
3. The form assumed in Chronicles by the name of the intendant of taxes under David, Solomon, and Rehoboam. 2 Chronicles 10:18. In Kings the name is given in the longer form of Adoniram, but in Samuel, 2 Samuel 20:24, as Adoram.
Hadrach
Ha’drach (dwelling), a country of Syria, mentioned once only, by the prophet Zechariah. Zechariah 9:1. The position of the district, with its borders, is here generally stated; but the name itself seems to have wholly disappeared. It still remains unknown.
Hagab
Ha’gab (locust). Bene-Hagab were among the Nethinim who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. Ezra 2:46. (b.c. before 536.)
Hagaba
Hag’aba (locust). Bene-Hagaba were among the Nethinim who came back from captivity with Zerubbabel. Nehemiah 7:48. The name is slightly different in form from
Hagabah
Hag’abah, under which it is found in the parallel list of Ezra 2:45.
Hagar
Ha’gar (flight), an Egyptian woman, the handmaid or slave of Sarah, Genesis 16:1, whom the latter gave as a concubine to Abraham, after he had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan and had no children by Sarah. ch. Genesis 16:3. (b.c. 1912.) When Hagar saw that she had conceived, “her mistress was despised in her eyes,” v. Genesis 16:4, and Sarah, with the anger, we may suppose, of a free woman rather than of a wife, reproached Abraham for the results of her own act. Hagar fled, turning her steps toward her native land through the great wilderness traversed by the Egyptian road. By the fountain in the way to Shur the angel of the Lord found her, charged her to return and submit herself under the hands of her mistress, and delivered the remarkable prophecy respecting her unborn child recorded in vs. Genesis 16:10-12. On her return she gave birth to Ishmael, and Abraham was then eighty-six years old. When Ishmael was about sixteen years old, he was caught by Sarah making sport of her young son Isaac at the festival of his weaning, and Sarah demanded the expulsion of Hagar and her son. She again fled toward Egypt, and when in despair at the want of water, an angel again appeared to her, pointed out a fountain close by, and renewed the former promises to her. Genesis 21:9-21. St. Paul, Galatians 4:25, refers to her as the type of the old covenant of the law.
Hagarenes Hagarites
Hagarenes’, Ha’garites (named after Hagar), a people dwelling to the east of Palestine, with whom the tribes of Reuben made war in the time of Saul. 1 Chronicles 5:10, 1 Chronicles 5:18-20. The same people, as confederate against Israel, are mentioned in Psalm 83:6. It is generally believed that they were named after Hagar, and that the important town and district of Hejer, on the borders of the Persian Gulf, represent them.
Hagerite The
Ha’gerite, The. Jaziz the Hagerite, i.e., the descendant of Hagar, had the charge of David’s sheep. 1 Chronicles 27:31.
Hagga-i
Hag’ga-i (festive), the tenth in order of the minor prophets, and first of those who prophesied after the captivity. With regard to his tribe and parentage history and tradition are alike silent.
Hagga-i Prophecy of
Hag’ga-i, Prophecy of. The style of Haggai is generally tame and prosaic, though at times it rises to the dignity of severe invective when the prophet rebukes his countrymen for their selfish indolence and neglect of God’s house. But the brevity of the prophecies is so great, and the poverty of expression which characterizes them so striking, as to give rise to a conjecture, not without reason, that in their present form they are but the outline or summary of the original discourses. They were delivered in the second year of Darius Hystaspes (b.c. 520), at intervals from the 1st day of the 6th month to the 24th day of the 9th month in the same year.
Haggeri
Hag’geri (wanderer) was one of the mighty men of David’s guard, according to 1 Chronicles 11:38. The parallel passage—2 Samuel 23:36—has “Bani the Gadite,” which is probably the correct reading. (b.c. 1046.)
Haggi
Hag’gi (festive), second son of Gad. Genesis 46:16; Numbers 26:15.
Haggiah
Haggi’ah (festival of Jehovah), a Merarite Levite. 1 Chronicles 6:30.
Haggites The
Hag’gites, The, a Gadite family sprung from Haggi. Numbers 26:15.
Haggith
Hag’gith (festive; a dancer), one of David’s wives, the mother of Adonijah. 2 Samuel 3:4; 1 Kings 1:5. (b.c. 1053.)
Hai
Ha’i. Same as Ai.
Hair
Hair. The Hebrews were fully alive to the importance of the hair as an element of personal beauty. Long hair was admired in the case of young men. 2 Samuel 14:26. In times of affliction the hair was altogether cut off. Isaiah 3:17, Isaiah 3:24; Isaiah 15:2; Jeremiah 7:29. Tearing the hair, Ezra 9:3, and letting it go dishevelled were similar tokens of grief. The usual and favorite color of the hair was black, Song of Solomon 5:11, as is indicated in the comparisons in Song of Solomon 1:5; Song of Solomon 4:1; a similar hue is probably intended by the purple of Song of Solomon 7:5. Pure white hair was deemed characteristic of the divine Majesty. Daniel 7:9; Revelation 1:14. The chief beauty of the hair consisted in curls, whether of a natural or an artificial character. With regard to the mode of dressing the hair, we have no very precise information; the terms used are of a general character, as of Jezebel, 2 Kings 9:30, and of Judith, ch. 2 Kings 10:3, and in the New Testament, 1 Timothy 2:9; 1 Peter 3:3. The arrangement of Samson’s hair into seven locks, or more properly braids, Judges 16:13, Judges 16:19, involves the practice of plaiting, which was also familiar to the Egyptians and Greeks. The locks were probably kept in their place by a fillet, as in Egypt. The Hebrews, like other nations of antiquity, anointed the hair profusely with ointments, which were generally compounded of various aromatic ingredients, Ruth 3:3; 2 Samuel 14:2; Psalm 23:5; Psalm 92:10; Ecclesiastes 9:8, more especially on occasions of festivity or hospitality. Luke 7:46. It appears to have been the custom of the Jews in our Saviour’s time to swear by the hair, Matthew 5:36, much as the Egyptian women still swear by the side-lock, and the men by their beards.
Beards. Egyptian, from Wilkinson (top row). Of other nations, from Rosellini and Layard.
Hakkatan
Hak’katan (young). Johanan, son of Hakkatan, was the chief of the Bene-Azgad who returned from Babylon with Ezra. Ezra 8:12.
Hakkoz
Hak’koz (thorn), a priest, the chief of the seventh course in the service of the sanctuary, as appointed by David. 1 Chronicles 24:10. In Ezra 2:61 and Nehemiah 3:4, Nehemiah 3:21 the name occurs again as Koz in the Authorized Version.
Hakupha
Haku’pha (bent). Bene-Hakupha were among the Nethinim who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. Ezra 2:51; Nehemiah 7:53.
Halah
Ha’lah is probably a different place from the Calah of Genesis 10:11. It may be identified with the Chaleitis of Ptolemy.
Halak
Ha’lak (smooth), The mount, a mountain twice, and twice only, named, as the southern limit of Joshua’s conquests, Joshua 11:17; Joshua 12:7, but which has not yet been identified.
Halhul
Hal’hul (trembling), a town of Judah in the mountain district. Joshua 15:58. The name still remains unaltered, attached to a conspicuous hill a mile to the left of the road from Jerusalem to Hebron, between three and four miles from the latter.
Hali
Ha’li (necklace), a town on the boundary of Asher, named between Helkath and Beten. Joshua 19:25.
Hall
Hall, used of the court of the high priest’s house. Luke 22:55. In Matthew 27:27 and Mark 15:16 “hall” is synonymous with “prætorium,” which in John 18:28 is in Authorized Version “judgment hall.”
Hallelujah
Hallelujah (praise ye the Lord). [ALLELUIA.]
Hallohesh
Hallo’hesh (enchanter), one of the chief of the people who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah. Nehemiah 10:24. (b.c. 410.)
Halohesh
Halo’hesh. Shallum, son of Halohesh, was “ruler of the half part of Jerusalem” at the time of the repair of the wall by Nehemiah. Nehemiah 3:12. (b.c. 446.)
Ham
Ham (hot; sunburnt).
1. The name of one of the three sons of Noah, apparently the second in age. (b.c. 2448.) Of the history of Ham nothing is related except his irreverence to his father and the curse which that patriarch pronounced. The sons of Ham are stated to have been “Cush and Mizraim and Phut and Canaan.” Genesis 10:6; comp. 1 Chronicles 1:8. Egypt is recognized as the “land of Ham” in the Bible. Psalm 78:51; Psalm 105:23; Psalm 106:22. The other settlements of the sons of Ham are discussed under their respective names. The three most illustrious Hamite nations—the Cushites, the Phœnicians, and the Egyptians—were greatly mixed with foreign peoples. Their architecture has a solid grandeur that we look for in vain elsewhere.
2. According to the present text, Genesis 14:5, Chedorlaomer and his allies smote the Zuzim in a place called Ham, probably in the territory of the Ammonites (Gilead), east of the Jordan.
Haman
Ha’man (magnificent), the chief minister or vizier of King Ahasuerus. Esther 3:1. (b.c. 473.) After the failure of his attempt to cut off all the Jews in the Persian empire, he was hanged on the gallows which he had erected for Mordecai. The Targum and Josephus interpret the description of him—the Agagite—as signifying that he was of Amalekitish descent. The Jews hiss whenever his name is mentioned on the day of Purim.
Hamath
Ha’math (fortress), the principal city of upper Syria, was situated in the valley of the Orontes, which it commanded from the low screen of hills which forms the water-shed between the source of the Orontes and Antioch. The Hamathites were a Hamitic race, and are included among the descendants of Canaan. Genesis 10:18. Nothing appears of the power of Hamath until the time of David. 2 Samuel 8:9. Hamath seems clearly to have been included in the dominions of Solomon. 1 Kings 4:21-24. The “store-cities” which Solomon “built in Hamath,” 2 Chronicles 8:4, were perhaps staples for trade. In the Assyrian inscriptions of the time of Ahab (b.c. 900) Hamath appears as a separate power, in alliance with the Syrians of Damascus, the Hittites and the Phœnicians. About three-quarters of a century later Jeroboam the Second “recovered Hamath.” 2 Kings 14:28. Soon afterwards the Assyrians took it, 2 Kings 18:34; 2 Kings 19:13, etc., and from this time it ceased to be a place of much importance. Antiochus Epiphanes changed its name to Epiphaneia. The natives, however, called it Hamath even in St. Jerome’s time, and its present name, Hamah, is but slightly altered from the ancient form.
Hamath-zobah
Ha’math-zo’bah (fortress of Zobah), 2 Chronicles 8:3, has been conjectured to be the same as Hamath. But the name Hamath-zobah would seem rather suited to another Hamath which was distinguished from the “Great Hamath” by the suffix “Zobah.”
Hamathite The
Ham’athite, The, one of the families descended from Canaan, named last in the list. Genesis 10:18; 1 Chronicles 1:16.
Hammath
Ham’math (warm springs), one of the fortified cities in the territory allotted to Naphtali. Joshua 19:35. It was near Tiberias, one mile distant, and had its name Chammath, “hot baths,” because it contained those of Tiberias. In the list of Levitical cities given out of Naphtali, Joshua 21:32, the name of this place seems to be given as Hammoth-dor.
Hammedatha
Hammed’atha (double), father of the infamous Haman. Esther 3:1, Esther 3:10; Esther 8:5; Esther 9:24.
Hammelech
Ham’melech, lit. “the king,” unnecessarily rendered in the Authorized Version as a proper name. Jeremiah 36:26; Jeremiah 38:6.
Hammoleketh
Hammol’eketh (the queen), a daughter of Machir and sister of Gilead. 1 Chronicles 7:17, 1 Chronicles 7:18. (b.c. between 1706 and 1491.)
Hammon
Ham’mon (warm springs).
1. A city in Asher, Joshua 19:28, apparently not far from Zidon-rabbah.
2. A city allotted out of the tribe of Naphtali to the Levites, 1 Chronicles 6:76, and answering to the somewhat similar names Hammath and Hammoth-dor in Joshua.
Hammoth-dor
Ham’moth-dor (dwelling of the warm springs). [HAMMATH.]
Hamonah
Ham’onah (multitude), the name of a city mentioned in Ezekiel. Ezekiel 39:16.
Hamon-gog
Ha’mon-gog (the multitude of Gog), The valley of, the name to be bestowed on a ravine or glen, previously known as “the ravine of the passengers on the east of the sea,” after the burial there of “Gog and all his multitude.” Ezekiel 39:11, Ezekiel 39:15.
Hamor
Ha’mor (an ass), a Hivite who at the time of the entrance of Jacob on Palestine was prince of the land and city of Shechem. Genesis 33:19; Genesis 34:2, Genesis 34:4, Genesis 34:6, Genesis 34:8, Genesis 34:13, Genesis 34:18, Genesis 34:20, Genesis 34:24, Genesis 34:26. (b.c. 1737.) [DINAH.]
Hamuel
Hamu’el (heat, i.e., wrath, of God), a man of Simeon, of the family of Shaul. 1 Chronicles 4:26.
Hamul
Ha’mul (pitied), the younger son of Pharez, Judah’s son by Tamar. Genesis 46:12; 1 Chronicles 2:5. (b.c. between 1706–1688.)
Hamulites The
Ha’mulites, The, the family of the preceding. Numbers 26:21.
Hamutal
Hamu’tal (akin to the dew), daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah; one of the wives of King Josiah. 2 Kings 23:31; 2 Kings 24:18; Jeremiah 52:1. (b.c. 632–619.)
Haname-el
Hanam’e-el (whom God graciously gave), son of Shallum and cousin of Jeremiah. Jeremiah 32:7, Jeremiah 32:8, Jeremiah 32:9, Jeremiah 32:12; and comp. Jeremiah 32:44. (b.c. 589.)
Hanan
Ha’nan (merciful).
1. One of the chief people of the tribe of Benjamin. 1 Chronicles 8:23.
2. The last of the six sons of Azel, a descendant of Saul. 1 Chronicles 8:38; 1 Chronicles 9:44. (b.c. 588.)
3. “Son of Maachah,” i.e., possibly a Syrian of Aram-maachah, one of the heroes of David’s guard. 1 Chronicles 11:43. (b.c. 1046.)
4. The sons of Hanan were among the Nethinim who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. Ezra 2:46; Nehemiah 7:49. (b.c. 536.)
5. One of the Levites who assisted Ezra in his public exposition of the law. Nehemiah 8:7. (b.c. 446.) The same person is probably mentioned in ch. Nehemiah 10:10.
6. One of the “heads” of “the people,” who also sealed the covenant. Nehemiah 10:22. (b.c. 410.)
7. Another of the chief laymen on the same occasion. Nehemiah 10:26.
8. Son of Zaccur, son of Mattaniah, whom Nehemiah made one of the storekeepers of the provisions collected as tithes. Nehemiah 13:13.
9. Son of Igdaliah. Jeremiah 35:4. (b.c. 410.)
Hanane-el
Hanan’e-el (whom God graciously gave), The tower of, a tower which formed part of the wall of Jerusalem. Nehemiah 3:1; Nehemiah 12:39. From these two passages, particularly from the former, it might almost be inferred that Hananeel was but another name for the tower of Meah; at any rate they were close together, and stood between the sheep-gate and the fish-gate. This tower is further mentioned in Jeremiah 31:38. The remaining passage in which it is named, Zechariah 14:10, also connects this tower with the “corner-gate,” which lay on the other side of the sheep-gate.
Hanani
Hana’ni (gracious).
1. One of the sons of Heman, and head of the eighteenth course of the service. 1 Chronicles 25:4, 1 Chronicles 25:25.
2. A seer who rebuked (b.c. 941) Asa king of Judah. 2 Chronicles 16:7. For this he was imprisoned. ver. 2 Chronicles 16:10. He or another Hanani was the father of Jehu the seer, who testified against Baasha, 1 Kings 16:1, 1 Kings 16:7, and Jehoshaphat. 2 Chronicles 19:2; 2 Chronicles 20:34.
3. One of the priests who in the time of Ezra had taken strange wives. Ezra 10:20.
4. A brother of Nehemiah, Nehemiah 1:2, who was made governor of Jerusalem under Nehemiah. ch. Nehemiah 7:2.
5. A priest mentioned in Nehemiah 12:36.
Hananiah
Hanani’ah (gift of God).
1. One of the fourteen sons of Heman, and chief of the sixteenth course of singers. 1 Chronicles 25:4, 1 Chronicles 25:5, 1 Chronicles 25:23. (b.c. 1014.)
2. A general in the army of King Uzziah. 2 Chronicles 26;2 Chronicles 26:11.
3. Father of Zedekiah, in the reign of Jehoiakim. (b.c. before 605.)
4. Son of Azur, a Benjamite of Gibeon and a false prophet in the reign of Zedekiah king of Judah. In the fourth year of his reign, b.c. 595, Hananiah withstood Jeremiah the prophet, and publicly prophesied in the temple that within two years Jeconiah and all his fellow captives, with the vessels of the Lord’s house, should be brought back to Jerusalem. Jeremiah 28. Hananiah corroborated his prophecy by taking from off the neck of Jeremiah the yoke which he wore by divine command, Jeremiah 27, and breaking it. But Jeremiah was bidden to go and tell Hananiah that for the wooden yokes which he had broken he should make yokes of iron, so firm was the dominion of Babylon destined to be for seventy years. The prophet Jeremiah added to this rebuke the prediction of Hananiah’s death, the fulfillment of which closes the history of this false prophet.
5. Grandfather of Irijah, the captain of the ward at the gate of Benjamin who arrested Jeremiah on the charge of deserting to the Chaldeans. Jeremiah 37:13. (b.c. before 589.)
6. Head of a Benjamite house. 1 Chronicles 8:24.
7. The Hebrew name of Shadrach. He was of the house of David, according to Jewish tradition. Daniel 1:3, Daniel 1:6, Daniel 1:7, Daniel 1:11, Daniel 1:19; Daniel 2:17.
8. Son of Zerubbabel, 1 Chronicles 3:19, from whom Christ derived his descent. He is the same person who is by St. Luke called Joanna. (b.c. after 536.)
9. One of the sons of Bebai who returned with Ezra from Babylon. Ezra 10:28. (b.c. 459.)
10. A priest, one of the makers of the sacred ointments and incense, who built a portion of the wall of Jerusalem in the days of Nehemiah. Nehemiah 3:8.
11. Head of the priestly course of Jeremiah in the days of Joiakim. Nehemiah 12:12. (b.c. 610.)
12. Ruler of the palace at Jerusalem under Nehemiah. The arrangements for guarding the gates of Jerusalem were intrusted to him with Hanani, the Tirshatha’s brother. Nehemiah 7:2, Nehemiah 7:3. (b.c. 446.)
13. An Israelite. Nehemiah 10:23.
Handicraft
Handicraft. Acts 18:3; Acts 19:25; Revelation 18:22. A trade was taught to all the Jewish boys, as a necessary part of their education. Even the greatest rabbis maintained themselves by trades (Delitzsch). Says Rabbi Jehuda, “He who does not teach his son a trade is much the same as if taught him to be a thief.” In the present article brief notices only can be given of such handicraft trades as are mentioned in Scripture.
1. Smiths or metal-workers.—The preparation of iron for use wither in war, in agriculture, or for domestic purposes was doubtless one of the earliest applications of labor; and together with iron, working in brass, or rather copper alloyed with tin (bronze), is mentioned as practiced in antediluvian times. Genesis 4:22. After the establishment of the Jews in Canaan, the occupation of a smith became recognized as a distinct employment. 1 Samuel 13:19. The smith’s work and its results are often mentioned in Scripture. 2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Kings 6:7; 2 Chronicles 26:14; Isaiah 44:12; Isaiah 54:16. The worker in gold and silver must have found employment among both the Hebrews and the neighboring nations in very early times. Genesis 24:22, Genesis 24:53; Genesis 35:4; Genesis 38:18. Various processes of the goldsmith’s work are illustrated by Egyptian monuments. After the conquest frequent notices are found of both moulded and wrought metal, including soldering.
2. Carpenters are often mentioned in Scripture. Genesis 6:14; Exodus 37; Isaiah 44:13. In the palace built by David for himself the workmen employed were chiefly foreigners. 2 Samuel 5:11. That the Jewish carpenters must have been able to carve with some skill is evident from Isaiah 41:7; Isaiah 44:13. In the New Testament the occupation of a carpenter is mentioned in connection with Joseph the husband of the Virgin Mary, and ascribed to our Lord himself. Matthew 13:55; Mark 6:3. The trade included our cabinet work as well as carpentering.
Carpenter’s Shop at Nazareth. (From an original Photograph.)
3. The masons employed by David and Solomon, at least the chief of them, were Phœnicians. 1 Kings 5:18; Ezekiel 27:9. The large stones used in Solomon’s temple are said by Josephus to have been fitted together exactly without either mortar or clamps, but the foundation stones to have been fastened with lead. For ordinary building mortar was used; sometimes, perhaps, bitumen, as was the case at Babylon. Genesis 11:3. The wall “daubed with untempered mortar” of Ezekiel 13:10 was perhaps a sort of cob-wall of mud or clay without lime, which would give way under heavy rain. The use of whitewash on tombs is remarked by our Lord. Matthew 23:27.
4. Ship-building must have been exercised to some extent for the fishing-vessels on the Lake of Gennesaret. Matthew 8:23; Matthew 9:1; John 21:3, John 21:8. Solomon built ships for his foreign trade. 1 Kings 9:26, 1 Kings 9:27; 1 Kings 22:48; 2 Chronicles 20:36, 2 Chronicles 20:37.
5. Apothecaries or perfumers appear to have formed a guild or association. Exodus 30:25, Exodus 30:35; 2 Chronicles 16:14; Nehemiah 3:8; Ecclesiastes 7:1; Ecclesiastes 10:1; Sirach 38:8.
6. Weavers.—The arts of spinning and weaving both wool and linen were carried on in early times, as they usually are still among the Bedouins, by women. Exodus 35:25, Exodus 35:26; Leviticus 19:19; Deuteronomy 22:11; 2 Kings 23:7; Ezekiel 16:16; Proverbs 31:13, Proverbs 31:24. The loom with its beam, 1 Samuel 17:7, pin, Judges 16:14, and shuttle, Job 7:6, was perhaps introduced later, but as early as David’s time. 1 Samuel 17:7.
7. Dyeing and dressing cloth were practiced in Palestine, as were also tanning and dressing leather. Joshua 2:15-18; 2 Kings 1:8; Matthew 3:4; Acts 9:43.
8. Barbers. Numbers 6:5, Numbers 6:19; Ezekiel 5:1.
9. Tent-makers are noticed in Acts 18:3.
10. Potters are frequently alluded to. Jeremiah 18:2-6.
11. Bakers are noticed in Scripture, Jeremiah 37:21; Hosea 7:4; and the well-known valley Tyropœon probably derived its name from the occupation of the cheese-makers, its inhabitants.
12. Butchers, not Jewish, are spoken of 1 Corinthians 10:25.
Shoemakers, tailors, glaziers and glass vessels, painters and gold-workers are mentioned in the Mishna. Chel. viii. 9; xxix. 3, 4; xxx. 1.
Handkerchief Napkin Apron
Handkerchief, Napkin, Apron. Luke 19:20; John 11:44; John 20:7; Acts 19:12. These terms were used in much the same manner and having much the same significance as at the present.
Hanes
Ha’nes, a place in Egypt mentioned only in Isaiah 30:4. We think that the Chald. Paraphr. is right in identifying it with Tahpanhes, a fortified town on the eastern frontier.
Hanging Hangings
Hanging, Hangings.
1. The “hanging” was a curtain or “covering” to close an entrance; one was placed before the door of the tabernacle. Exodus 26:36, Exodus 26:37; Exodus 39:38. 2. The “hangings” were used for covering the walls of the court of the tabernacle, just as tapestry is used in modern times. Exodus 27:9; Exodus 35:17; Exodus 38:9; Numbers 3:26; Numbers 4:26.
Haniel
Han’iel (grace of God), one of the sons of Ulla of the tribe of Asher. 1 Chronicles 7:39.
Hannah
Han’nah (grace), one of the wives of Elkanah, and mother of Samuel. 1 Samuel 1, 1 Samuel 2. (b.c. 1141.) A hymn of thanksgiving for the birth of her son is in the highest order of prophetic poetry; its resemblance to that of the Virgin Mary, comp. 1 Samuel 2:1-10 with Luke 1:46-55, see also Psalm 113, has been noticed.
Hannathon
Han’nathon (gracious), one of the cities of Zebulun. Joshua 19:14.
Hanniel
Han’niel (the favor of God), son of Ephod and prince of Manasseh. Numbers 34:23.
Hanoch
Ha’noch (dedicated).
1. The third in order of the children of Midian. Genesis 25:4.
2. Eldest son of Reuben, Genesis 46:9; Exodus 6:14; Numbers 26:5; 1 Chronicles 5:3, and founder of the family of the Hanochites. Numbers 26:5.
Hanun
Ha’nun (favored).
1. Son of Nahash, 2 Samuel 10:1, 2 Samuel 10:2; 1 Chronicles 19:1, 1 Chronicles 19:2, king of Ammon, who dishonored the ambassadors of David, 2 Samuel 10:4, and involved the Ammonites in a disastrous war. 2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 19:6. (b.c. 1035.)
2. A man who, with the people of Zanoah, repaired the ravine gate in the wall of Jerusalem. Nehemiah 3:13. (b.c. 446.)
3. The sixth son of Zalaph, who also assisted in the repair of the wall, apparently on the east side. Nehemiah 3:30. (b.c. 446.)
Haphraim
Haphra’im (two pits), a city of Issachar, mentioned next to Shunem. Joshua 19:19. About six miles northeast of Lejjun, and two miles west of Solam (the ancient Shunem), stands the village of el-˒Afûleh, which may possibly be the representative of Haphraim.
Hara
Ha’ra (mountain land), 1 Chronicles 5:26 only, is either a place utterly unknown, or it must be regarded as identical with Haran or Charran.
Haradah
Har’adah (fear), a desert station of the Israelites, Numbers 33:24, Numbers 33:25; its position is uncertain.
Haran
Ha’ran (a mountaineer).
1. The third son of Terah, and therefore youngest brother of Abram. Genesis 11:26. (b.c. 1926.) Three children are ascribed to him—Lot, vs. Genesis 11:31, and two daughters, viz., Milcah, who married her uncle Nahor, ver. Genesis 11:29, and Iscah. ver. Genesis 11:29. Haran was born in Ur of the Chaldees, and he died there while his father was still living. ver. Genesis 11:28.
2. A Gershonite Levite in the time of David, one of the family of Shimei. 1 Chronicles 23:9.
3. A son of the great Caleb by his concubine Ephah. 1 Chronicles 2:46.
4. Haran or Charran, Acts 7:2, Acts 7:4, name of the place whither Abraham migrated with his family from Ur of the Chaldees, and where the descendants of his brother Nahor established themselves. Comp. Genesis 24:10 with Genesis 27:43. It is said to be in Mesopotamia, Genesis 24:10, or more definitely in Padan-aram, ch. Genesis 25:20, the cultivated district at the foot of the hills, a name well applying to the beautiful stretch of country which lies below Mount Masius between the Khabour and the Euphrates. Here, about midway in this district, is a small village still called Harrán. It was celebrated among the Romans, under the name of Charræ, as the scene of the defeat of Crassus.
Hararite
Ha’rarite (the mountaineer), The. The designation of three of David’s guard.
1. Agee, a Hararite. 2 Samuel 23:11.
2. Shammah the Hararite. 2 Samuel 23:33.
3. Sharar, 2 Samuel 23:33, or Sacar, 1 Chronicles 11:35, the Hararite, was the father of Ahiam, another member of the guard.
Harbona
Har’bona (ass-driver), the third of the seven chamberlains or eunuchs who served King Ahasuerus. Esther 1:10. (b.c. 483–475.)
Harbonah
Har’bonah, Esther 7:9, the same as the preceding.
Hare
Hare (Heb. arnebeth) occurs only in Leviticus 11:6 and Deuteronomy 14:7 amongst the animals disallowed as food by the Mosaic law. The hare is at this day called arnel by the Arabs in Palestine and Syria. It was erroneously thought by the ancient Jews to have chewed the cud. They were no doubt misled, as in the case of the shâphân (hyrax), by the habit these animals have of moving the jaw about.
Hare of Mount Sinai.
Harem
Harem. [HOUSE.]
Hareph
Ha’reph (a plucking off), a name occurring in the genealogies of Judah as a son of Caleb and as “father of Bethgader.” 1 Chronicles 2:51 only.
Hareth
Ha’reth (thicket), The forest of, in which David took refuge, after, at the instigation of the prophet Gad, he had quitted the “hold” or fastness of the cave of Adullam. 1 Samuel 22:5.
Harhaiah
Harhai’ah (the Lord is angry), father of Uzziel. Nehemiah 3:8. (b.c. before 446.)
Harhas
Har’has (very poor), an ancestor of Shallum the husband of Huldah. 2 Kings 22:14. (b.c. before 623.)
Harhur
Har’hur (inflammation). The sons of Harhur were among the Nethinim who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. Ezra 2:51; Nehemiah 7:53. (b.c. 536.)
Harim
Ha’rim (flat-nosed).
1. A priest who had charge of the third division in the house of God. 1 Chronicles 24:8. (b.c. 1014.)
2. Bene-Harim, probably descendants of the above, to the number of 1017, came from Babylon with Zerubbabel. Ezra 2:39; Nehemiah 7:42. (b.c. 536.)
3. It further occurs in a list of the families of priests “who went up with Zerubbabel and Jeshua,” and of those who were their descendants in the next generation. Nehemiah 12:15.
4. Another family of Bene-Harim, 320 in number, came from the captivity in the same caravan. Ezra 2:32; Nehemiah 7:35. (b.c. 536.) They also appear among those who had married foreign wives, Ezra 10:31, as well as those who sealed the covenant. Nehemiah 10:27. (b.c. 410.)
Hariph
Ha’riph (a plucking off). A hundred and twelve of the Bene-Hariph returned from the captivity with Zerubbabel. Nehemiah 7:24. The name occurs again among the “heads of the people” who sealed the covenant. ch. Nehemiah 10:19.
Harlot
Harlot. That this class of persons existed in the earliest states of society is clear from Genesis 38:15. Rahab, Joshua 2:1, is said by the Chald. Paraphr. to have been an innkeeper; but if there were such persons, considering what we know of Canaanitish morals, Leviticus 18:27, we may conclude that they would, if women, have been of this class. The “harlots” are classed with “publicans,” as those who lay under the ban of society, in the New Testament. Matthew 21:32.
Har-magedon
Har’-magedon (hill of Megiddo), Revelation 16:16 in the Revised Version for Armageddon. The change is chiefly Har, hill, in place of Ar, city.
Harnepher
Har’nepher (panting), one of the sons of Zophah, of the tribe of Asher. 1 Chronicles 7:36.