Smith's Bible Dictionary

Anath — Ark Noah’s

Anath

A’nath (answer), father of Shamgar. Judges 3:31; Judges 5:6.

Anathema, which literally means a thing suspended, is the equivalent of the Hebrew word signifying a thing or person devoted. Any object so devoted to Jehovah was irredeemable. If an inanimate object, it was to be given to the priests, Numbers 18:14; if a living creature or even a man, it was to be slain. Leviticus 27:28, Leviticus 27:29. The word anathema frequently occurs in St. Paul’s writings, and is generally translated accursed. An examination of the passages in which it occurs shows that it had acquired a more general sense as expressive either of strong feeling, Romans 9:3, or of dislike and condemnation. 1 Corinthians 12:3; 1 Corinthians 16:22; Galatians 1:9.

Anathoth

An’athoth (answers to prayer).

1. Son of Becher, a son of Benjamin. 1 Chronicles 7:8.

2. One of the “heads of the people” who signed the covenant in the time of Nehemiah. Nehemiah 10:19. (b.c. 410.)

Anathoth

An’athoth, a priests’ city belonging to the tribe of Benjamin, with “suburbs.” Joshua 21:18; 1 Chronicles 6:60. Anathoth lay about three miles from Jerusalem. Isaiah 10:30. The cultivation of the priests survives in tilled fields of grain, with figs and olives. There are the remains of walls and strong foundations, and the quarries still supply Jerusalem with building stones.

Anchor

Anchor. Acts 27:29.

Andrew

An’drew (manly), one of the apostles of our Lord, John 1:40; Matthew 4:18, brother of Simon Peter. He was of Bethsaida, and had been a disciple of John the Baptist, leaving him to follow our Lord. By his means his brother Simon was brought to Jesus. John 1:41. His place among the apostles seems to have been fourth, next after the three Peter, James, and John, and in company with Philip. Mark 3:18; Acts 1:13. The traditions about him are various. He is said to have preached in Scythia, in Greece, in Asia Minor and Thrace, and to have been crucified at Patræ in Achaia.

Andronicus

Androni’cus (man-conqueror).

1. An officer left as viceroy, 2 Maccabees 4:31, in Antioch by Antiochus Epiphanes during his absence. 2 Maccabees 4:31-38. (b.c. 171.)

2. Another officer of Antiochus Epiphanes who was left by him on Garizem. 2 Maccabees 5:23.

3. A Christian at Rome, saluted by St. Paul, Romans 16:7, together with Junia.

Anem

A’nem (two springs), a city of Issachar, with “suburbs,” belonging to the Gershonites. 1 Chronicles 6:73.

Aner

A’ner (boy), a city of Manasseh, west of Jordan, with “suburbs,” given to the Kohathites. 1 Chronicles 6:70.

Aner

A’ner, one of the three Amorite chiefs of Hebron who aided Abraham in the pursuit after the four invading kings. Genesis 14:13, Genesis 14:24.

Anethothite

Aneth’othite, 2 Samuel 23:27, Anet’othite, 1 Chronicles 27:12, and An’tothite, 1 Chronicles 11:28; 1 Chronicles 12:3, an inhabitant of Anathoth, of the tribe of Benjamin.

Angel of the Lord

Angel of the Lord. Genesis 16:7, etc. (The special form in which God manifested himself to man, and hence Christ’s visible form before the incarnation. Compare Acts 7:30-38 with the corresponding Old Testament history; and Genesis 18:1, Genesis 18:13, Genesis 18:14, Genesis 18:33 and Genesis 19:1.)

Angels

Angels. By the word “angels” (i.e., “messengers” of God) we ordinarily understand a race of spiritual beings of a nature exalted far above that of man, although infinitely removed from that of God—whose office is “to do him service in heaven, and by his appointment to succor and defend men on earth.” I. Scriptural use of the word.—There are many passages in which the expression “angel of God” is certainly used for a manifestation of God himself. Genesis 22:11, Genesis 22:12, and Exodus 3:2, Exodus 3:6, Exodus 3:14. It is to be observed, also, that side by side with these expressions we read of God’s being manifested in the form of man—as to Abraham at Mamre, Genesis 18:2, Genesis 18:22, comp. Genesis 19:1; to Jacob at Pennel, Genesis 32:24, Genesis 32:30; to Joshua at Gilgal, Joshua 5:13, Joshua 5:15, etc. Besides this, which is the highest application of the word angel, we find the phrase used of any messengers of God, such as the prophets, Isaiah 42:19; Haggai 1:13; Malachi 3:1, the priests, Malachi 2:7, and the rulers of the Christian churches. Revelation 1:20.

II. Nature of angels.—Angels are termed “spirits,” as in Hebrews 1:14; but it is not asserted that the angelic nature is incorporeal. The contrary seems expressly implied in Luke 20:36; Philippians 3:21. The angels are revealed to us as beings such as man might be, and will be when the power of sin and death is removed, because always beholding his face, Matthew 18:10, and therefore being “made like him.” 1 John 3:2. Their number must be very large, 1 Kings 22:19; Matthew 26:53; Hebrews 12:22; their strength is great, Psalm 103:20; Revelation 5:2; Revelation 18:21; their activity marvellous, Isaiah 6:2-6; Matthew 26:53; Revelation 8:13; their appearance varied according to circumstances, but was often brilliant and dazzling. Matthew 28:2-7; Revelation 10:1, Revelation 10:2. Of the nature of “fallen angels,” the circumstances and nature of the temptation by which they fell, we know absolutely nothing. All that is certain is that they “left their first estate,” and that they are now “angels of the devil.” Matthew 25:41; Revelation 12:7,Revelation 12:9. On the other hand, the title specially assigned to the angels of God—that of the “holy ones,” see Daniel 4:13, Daniel 4:23; Daniel 8:13; Matthew 25:31—is precisely the one which is given to those men who are renewed in Christ’s image. Comp. Hebrews 2:10; Hebrews 5:9; Hebrews 12:23.

III. Office of the angels.—Of their office in heaven we have only vague prophetic glimpses, as in 1 Kings 22:19; Isaiah 6:1-3; Daniel 7:9, Daniel 7:10; Revelation 6:11, etc., which show us nothing but a never-ceasing adoration. They are represented as being, in the widest sense, agents of God’s providence, natural and supernatural, to the body and to the soul. In one word, they are Christ’s ministers of grace now, as they shall be of judgment hereafter. Matthew 13:39, Matthew 13:41, Matthew 13:49; Matthew 16:27; Matthew 24:31, etc. That there are degrees of the angelic nature, both fallen and unfallen, and special titles and agencies belonging to each, is clearly declared by St. Paul, Ephesians 1:21; Romans 8:38; but what their general nature is it is useless to speculate.

Aniam

A’niam (sighing of the people), a Manassite, son of Shemidah. 1 Chronicles 7:19.

Anim

A’nim (fountains), a city in the mountains of Judah, named with Eshtemoh and Goshen. Joshua 15:50.

Anise

Anise. This word occurs only in Matthew 23:23. It is by no means a matter of certainty whether the anise (Pimpinella anisum, Lin.) or the dill (Anethum graveolens) is here intended, though the probability is more in favor of the latter plant. “Anise is an annual plant growing to the height of one foot, carries a white flower, and blooms from June till August. The seeds are imported and used in large quantities on account of their aromatic and carminative properties. It grows wild in Egypt, in Syria, Palestine and all parts of the Levant. Among the ancients anise seems to have been a common pot-herb in every garden. Although it is less used in medicine by the moderns than by the ancients, it still retains its former reputation as an excellent stomachic, particularly for delicate women and young children. The Romans chewed it in order to keep up an agreeable moisture in the mouth and to sweeten the breath, while some Orientals still do the same.” Dill, a somewhat similar plant, is an annual, bearing small aromatic seeds, used also for cookery and medicine.

Anise.

Anklet

Anklet. This word does not occur in the Authorized Version; but anklets are referred to in Isaiah 3:16, Isaiah 3:18, Isaiah 3:20. They were fastened to the ankle band of each leg; were as common as bracelets and armlets, and made of much the same materials. The pleasant jingling and tinkling which they made as they knocked against each other was no doubt one of the reasons why they were admired. They are still worn in the East.

Anna

An’na (grace), a “prophetess” in Jerusalem at the time of our Lord’s presentation in the temple. Luke 2:36. She was of the tribe of Asher.

Annas

An’nas (humble), the son of one Seth, was appointed high priest a.d. 7 by Quirinus, the imperial governor of Syria, but was obliged by Valerius Gratus, procurator of Judea, to give way to Ismael, son of Phabi, at the beginning of the reign of Tiberius, a.d. 14. About a.d. 25 Joseph Caiaphas, son-in-law of Annas, became high priest, John 18:13; but in Luke 3:2 Annas and Caiaphas are both called high priests. Our Lord’s first hearing, John 18:13, was before Annas, who then sent him bound to Caiaphas. Some maintain that the two, Annas and Caiaphas, were together at the head of the Jewish people—Caiaphas as actual high priest, Annas as president of the Sanhedrin. Acts 4:6. Others again suppose that Annas held the office of sagan, or substitute of the high priest; others still that Annas held the title and was really the ruling power. He lived to old age, having had five sons high priests.

Anointing

Anointing, in Holy Scripture, is either, I. Material—with oil—or II. Spiritual—with the Holy Ghost. I. Material.—

1. Ordinary. Anointing the body or head with oil was a common practice with the Jews, as with other Oriental nations. Deuteronomy 28:40; Ruth 3:3; Micah 6:15. Anointing the head with oil or ointment seems also to have been a mark of respect sometimes paid by a host to his guests. Luke 7:46 and Psalm 23:5. 2. Official. It was a rite of inauguration into each of the three typical offices of the Jewish commonwealth. a. Prophets were occasionally anointed to their office, 1 Kings 19:16, and were called messiahs, or anointed. 1 Chronicles 16:22; Psalm 105:15. b. Priests, at the first institution of the Levitical priesthood, were all anointed to their offices, Exodus 40:15; Numbers 3:3; but afterwards anointing seems to have been specially reserved for the high priest, Exodus 29:29; Leviticus 16:32; so that “the priest that is anointed,” Leviticus 4:3, is generally thought to mean the high priest. c. Kings. Anointing was the principal and divinely-appointed ceremony in the inauguration of the Jewish kings. 1 Samuel 9:16; 1 Samuel 10:1; 1 Kings 1:34, 1 Kings 1:39. The rite was sometimes performed more than once. David was thrice anointed. d. Inanimate objects also were anointed with oil, in token of their being set apart for religious service. Thus Jacob anointed a pillar at Bethel. Genesis 31:13; Exodus 30:26-28. 3. Ecclesiastical. Anointing with oil is prescribed by St. James to be used for the recovery of the sick. James 5:14. Analogous to this is the anointing with oil practiced by the twelve. Mark 6:13. II. Spiritual.—

1. In the Old Testament a Deliverer is promised under the title of Messiah, or Anointed, Psalm 2:2; Daniel 9:25, Daniel 9:26; and the nature of his anointing is described to be spiritual, with the Holy Ghost. Isaiah 61:1; see Luke 4:18. In the New Testament Jesus of Nazareth is shown to be the Messiah, or Christ, or Anointed, of the Old Testament, John 1:41; Acts 9:22; Acts 17:2, Acts 17:3; Acts 18:4, Acts 18:28; and the historical fact of his being anointed with the Holy Ghost is asserted and recorded. John 1:32, John 1:33; Acts 4:27; Acts 10:38. Christ was anointed as prophet, priest, and king. 2. Spiritual anointing with the Holy Ghost is conferred also upon Christians by God. 2 Corinthians 1:21. “Anointing” expresses the sanctifying influences of the Holy Spirit upon Christians, who are priests and kings unto God.

Ant

Ant (Heb. nemâlâh). This insect is mentioned twice in the Old Testament: in Proverbs 6:6; Proverbs 30:25. In the former of these passages the diligence of this insect is instanced by the wise man as an example worthy of imitation; in the second passage the ant’s wisdom is especially alluded to; for these insects, “though they be little on the earth, are exceeding wise.” (For a long time European commentators and naturalists denied that ants stored up grain for future use, as was asserted in Proverbs; but while this is true of most of the 104 European species, two of those species do lay up food, and are called harvesting ants. Like species have been found in Texas and South America, and are known to exist in Palestine. They show many other proofs of their skill. Some of them build wonderful houses; these are often several stories high, sometimes five hundred times the height of the builders, with rooms, cooridors, and vaulted roofs supported by pillars. Some species keep a kind of cows; others have a regular army of soldiers; some keep slaves. “No closer imitation of the ways of man could be found in the entire animal economy.” (See Encyc. Brit.) McCook’s “The Honey Ants” gives many curious facts about the habits of this peculiar kind of ant, and of the harvesting ants of the American plains.—Ed.)

Antichrist

An’tichrist.This term is employed by the apostle John alone, and is defined by him in a manner which leaves no doubt as to its intrinsic meaning. With regard to its application there is less certainty. In the first passage—1 John 2:18—in which it occurs, the apostle makes direct reference to the false Christs whose coming, it had been foretold, should mark the last days. In v. 1 John 2:22 we find, “he is antichrist, that denieth the Father and the Son”; and still more positively, “every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of antichrist.” Comp. 2 John 7. From these emphatic and repeated definitions it has been supposed that the object of the apostle in his first epistle was to combat the errors of Cerinthus, the Docetæ and the Gnostics on the subject of the Incarnation. (They denied the union of the divine and human in Christ.)

The coming of Antichrist was believed to be foretold in the “vile person” of Daniel’s prophecy, Daniel 11:21, which received its first accomplishment in Antiochus Epiphanes, but of which the complete fulfillment was reserved for the last times. He is identified with “the man of sin, the son of perdition.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3. This interpretation brings Antichrist into close connection with the gigantic power of evil, symbolized by the “beast,” Revelation 13, who received his power from the dragon (i.e., the devil, the serpent of Genesis), continued for forty and two months, and was invested with the kingdom of the ten kings who destroyed the harlot Babylon, Revelation 17:12, Revelation 17:17, the city of seven hills. The destruction of Babylon is to be followed by the rule of Antichrist for a short period, Revelation 17:10, to be in his turn overthrown in “the battle of that great day of God Almighty,” Revelation 16:14, with the false prophet and all his followers. Revelation 19. The personality of Antichrist is to be inferred as well from the personality of his historical precursor as from that of him to whom he stands opposed. Such an interpretation is to be preferred to that which regards Antichrist as the embodiment and personification of all powers and agencies inimical to Christ, or of the Antichristian might of the world.

Antioch

An’tioch (from Antiochus).

1. In Syria. The capital of the Greek kings of Syria, and afterwards the residence of the Roman governors of the province which bore the same name.

Antioch in Syria.

Situation.—This metropolis was situated where the chain of Lebanon, running northward, and the chain of Taurus, running eastward, are brought to an abrupt meeting. Here the Orontes breaks through the mountains; and Antioch was placed at a bend of the river, 16½ miles from the Mediterranean, partly on an island, partly on the levee which forms the left bank, and partly on the steep and craggy ascent of Mount Silpius, which rose abruptly on the south. It is about 300 miles north of Jerusalem. In the immediate neighborhood was Daphne, the celebrated sanctuary of Apollo, 2 Maccabees 4:33; whence the city was sometimes called Antioch by Daphne, to distinguish it from other cities of the same name.

Description.—The city was founded in the year 300 b.c. by Seleucus Nicator. It grew under the successive Seleucid kings till it became a city of great extent and of remarkable beauty. One feature, which seems to have been characteristic of the great Syrian cities—a vast street with colonnades, intersecting the whole from end to end—was added by Antiochus Epiphanes. By Pompey it was made a free city, and such it continued till the time of Antonius Pius. The early emperors raised there some large and important structures, such as aqueducts, amphitheatres, and baths. (Antioch, in Paul’s time, was the third city of the Roman empire, and contained over 200,000 inhabitants. Now it is a small, mean place of about 6000.—Ed.)

Tetradrachm of Antioch.

Bible History.—No city, after Jerusalem, is so intimately connected with the history of the apostolic church. Jews were settled there from the first in large numbers, were governed by their own ethnarch, and allowed to have the same political privileges with the Greeks. The chief interest of Antioch, however, is connected with the progress of Christianity among the heathen. Here the first Gentile church was founded, Acts 11:20, Acts 11:21; here the disciples of Jesus Christ were first called Christians. Acts 11:26. It was from Antioch that St. Paul started on his three missionary journeys.

2. In Pisidia, Acts 13:14; Acts 14:19, Acts 14:21; 2 Timothy 3:11, on the borders of Phrygia, corresponds to Yalobatch, which is distant from Ak-sher six hours over the mountains. This city, like the Syrian Antioch, was founded by Seleucus Nicator. Under the Romans it became a colonia, and was also called Cæsarea.

Antiochus

Anti’ochus (an opponent), the name of a number of kings of Syria who lived during the interval between the Old and New Testaments, and had frequent connection with the Jews during that period. They are referred to in the Apocrypha, especially in the books of the Maccabees.

Antipas

An’tipas (like the father), martyr at Pergamos, Revelation 2:13, and according to tradition the bishop of that place. (a.d. before 100.)

Antipas

An’tipas. [HEROD.]

Antipatris

Antipa’tris, or Antip’atris (for this father), a town to which the soldiers conveyed St. Paul by night on their march, Acts 23:31. Its ancient name was Capharsaba; and Herod, when he rebuilt the city, changed it to Antipatris, in honor of his father, Antipater. The village Kefr-Saba still retains the ancient name of Antipatris.

Antonia

Anto’nia (from Marc Antony) (a square stone fortress or castle adjoining the northwest corner of the temple area at Jerusalem. There was a tower at each corner. It was rebuilt by Herod the Great, and named by him from Marc Antony. From the stairs of this castle Paul addressed the multitude who had assaulted him. Acts 21:31-40.—Ed.)

Fortress of Antonia; called Pilate’s House.

Antothijah

Antothi’jah (answers of Jehovah), a Benjamite, one of the sons of Jeroham. 1 Chronicles 8:24.

Antothite

An’tothite, a dweller at Anathoth. 1 Chronicles 11:28; 1 Chronicles 12:3. [ANATHOTH.]

Anub

A’nub (confederate), son of Coz and descendant of Judah, through Ashur the father of Tekoa. 1 Chronicles 4:8.

Apelles

Apel’les (called), a Christian saluted by St. Paul in Romans 16:10. Tradition makes him bishop of Smyrna or Heraclea. (a.d. 55.)

Apes

Apes (Heb. kôphı̂m) are mentioned in 1 Kings 10:22 and 2 Chronicles 9:21. There can be little doubt that the apes were brought from the same country which supplied ivory and peacocks, both of which are common in Ceylon; and Sir E. Tennent has drawn attention to the fact that the Tamil names for apes, ivory, and peacocks are identical with the Hebrew.

Apharsathchites

Aphar’sathchites, Aphar’sites, Aphar’sacites, the names of certain tribes, colonies from which had been planted in Samaria by the Assyrian leader Asnapper. Ezra 4:9; Ezra 5:6. The first and last are regarded as the same. Whence these tribes came is entirely a matter of conjecture.

Aphek

A’phek (strength), the name of several places in Palestine.

1. A royal city of the Canaanites, the king of which was killed by Joshua, Joshua 12:18; probably the same as APHEKAH in Joshua 15:53.

2. A city, apparently in the extreme north of Asher, Joshua 19:30, from which the Canaanites were not ejected, Judges 1:31; though here it is APHIK. This is probably the same place as APHEK, Joshua 13:4, on the extreme north “border of the Amorites,” identified with the Aphaca of classical times, the modern Afka.

3. A place at which the Philistines encamped while the Israelites pitched in Eben-ezer, before the fatal battle in which the sons of Eli were killed and the ark was taken. 1 Samuel 4:1. This would be somewhere to the northwest of and at no great distance from Jerusalem.

4. The scene of another encampment of the Philistines, before an encounter not less disastrous than that just named—the defeat and death of Saul. 1 Samuel 29:1. It is possible that it may be the same place as the preceding.

5. A city on the military road from Syria to Israel. 1 Kings 20:26. It is now found in Fı̂k, at the head of the Wady Fı̂k, six miles east of the Sea of Galilee.

Aphekah

Aphe’kah (strong place), a city of Judah, in the mountains, Joshua 15:53; probably the same as APHEK, 1.

Aphiah

Aphi’ah (refreshed), one of the forefathers of King Saul. 1 Samuel 9:1.

Aphik

A’phik (strong), a city of Asher from which the Canaanites were not driven out. Judges 1:31. Probably the same place as APHEK, 2.

Aphrah

Aph’rah (dust), The house of, a place mentioned in Micah 1:10. Its site is uncertain.

Aphses

Aph’ses (the dispersion), chief of the 18th of the 24 courses in the service of the temple. 1 Chronicles 24:15.

Apocalypse

Apoc’alypse. A Greek word meaning revelation, applied chiefly to the book of Revelation by John. [REVELATION.]

Apocrypha

Apoc’rypha (concealed, hidden).

1. Old Testament Apocrypha.—The collection of books to which this term is popularly applied includes the following (the order given is that in which they stand in the English version): I. 1 Esdras; II. 2 Esdras; III. Tobit; IV. Judith; V. The rest of the chapters of the book of Esther, Additions to Esther, which are found neither in the Hebrew nor in the Chaldee; VI. Wisdom of Solomon; VII. The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus; VIII. Baruch; IX. The Song of the Three Holy Children, or Song of Three Jews; X. The History of Susanna; XI. The History of the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon; XII. 1 Maccabees; XIII. 2 Maccabees; XIV. 1 Esdras; XV. Prayer of Manasseh; XVI. Additional Psalm; XVII. 3 Maccabees; XVIII. 2 Esdras; XIX. 4 Maccabees. The primary meaning of apocrypha, “hidden, secret,” seems, toward the close of the second century, to have been associated with the signification “spurious,” and ultimately to have settled down into the latter. The separate books of this collection are treated of in distinct articles. Their relation to the canonical books of the Old Testament is discussed under CANON.

2. New Testament Apocrypha.—(A collection of legendary and spurious Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and Epistles. They are so entirely inferior to the genuine books, so full of nonsensical and unworthy stories of Christ and the apostles, that they have never been regarded as divine, or bound up in our Bibles. It is said that Mohammed obtained his ideas of Christ entirely from these spurious gospels.—Ed.)

Apollonia

Apollo’nia (belonging to Apollo), a city of Macedonia, through which Paul and Silas passed in their way from Philippi and Amphipolis to Thessalonica. Acts 17:1. According to the Antonine Itinerary it was distant 30 Roman miles from Amphipolis and 37 Roman miles from Thessalonica.

Apollos

Apol’los (given by Apollo), a Jew from Alexandria, eloquent (which may also mean learned) and mighty in the Scriptures; one instructed in the way of the Lord, according to the imperfect view of the disciples of John the Baptist, Acts 18:24, but on his coming to Ephesus during a temporary absence of St. Paul, a.d. 54, more perfectly taught by Quila and Priscilla. After this he became a preacher of the gospel, first in Achaia and then in Corinth. Acts 18:27; Acts 19:1. When the apostle wrote his First Epistle to the Corinthians, Apollos was with or near him, 1 Corinthians 16:12; probably at Ephesus in a.d. 57. He is mentioned but once more in the New Testament, in Titus 3:13. After this nothing is known of him. Tradition makes him bishop of Cæsarea.

Apollyon

Apol’lyon, or, as it is literally in the margin of the Authorized Version of Revelation 9:11, “a destroyer,” is the rendering of the Hebrew word Abaddon, “the angel of the bottomless pit.” From the occurrence of the word in Psalm 88:11, the rabbins have made Abaddon the nethermost of the two regions into which they divide the lower world; but that in Revelation 9:11 Abaddon is the angel and not the abyss is perfectly evident in the Greek.

Apostle

Apostle (one sent forth), in the New Testament originally the official name of those twelve of the disciples whom Jesus chose to send forth first to preach the gospel and to be with him during the course of his ministry on earth. The word also appears to have been used in a nonofficial sense to designate a much wider circle of Christian messengers and teachers. See 2 Corinthians 8:23; Philippians 2:25. It is only of those who were officially designated apostles that we treat in this article. Their names are given in Matthew 10:2-4, and Christ’s charge to them in the rest of the chapter.

Their office.—(1) The original qualification of an apostle, as stated by St. Peter on the occasion of electing a successor to the traitor Judas, was that he should have been personally acquainted with the whole ministerial course of our Lord, from his baptism by John till the day when he was taken up into heaven. (2) They were chosen by Christ himself. (3) They had the power of working miracles. (4) They were inspired. John 16:13. (5) Their work seems to have been preeminently that of founding the churches and upholding them by supernatural power specially bestowed for that purpose. (6) The office ceased, as a matter of course, with its first holders; all continuation of it, from the very conditions of its existence (cf. 1 Corinthians 9:1), being impossible.

Early history and training.—The apostles were from the lower ranks of life, simple and uneducated; some of them were related to Jesus according to the flesh; some had previously been disciples of John the Baptist. Our Lord chose them early in his public career. They seem to have been all on an equality, both during and after the ministry of Christ on earth. Early in our Lord’s ministry he sent them out two and two to preach repentance and to perform miracles in his name. Matthew 10; Luke 9. They accompanied him in his journeys, saw his wonderful works, heard his discourses addressed to the people, and made inquiries of him on religious matters. They recognized him as the Christ of God, Matthew 16:16; Luke 9:20, and ascribed to him supernatural power, Luke 9:54; but in the recognition of the spiritual teaching and mission of Christ they made very slow progress, held back as they were by weakness of apprehension and by national prejudices. Even at the removal of our Lord from the earth they were yet weak in their knowledge, Luke 24:21; John 16:12, though he had for so long been carefully preparing and instructing them. On the feast of Pentecost, ten days after our Lord’s ascension, the Holy Spirit came down on the assembled church, Acts 2; and from that time the apostles became altogether different men, giving witness with power of the life and death and resurrection of Jesus, as he had declared they should. Luke 24:48; Acts 1:8, Acts 1:22; Acts 2:32; Acts 3:15; Acts 5:32; Acts 13:31.

Later labors and history.—First of all the mother-church at Jerusalem grew up under their hands, Acts 3-7, and their superior dignity and power were universally acknowledged by the rulers and the people. Acts 5:12-14. Their first mission out of Jerusalem was to Samaria, Acts 8:5-25, where the Lord himself had, during his ministry, sown the seed of the gospel. Here ends the first period of the apostles’ agency, during which its centre is Jerusalem and the prominent figure is that of St. Peter. The centre of the second period of the apostolic agency is Antioch, where a church soon was built up, consisting of Jews and Gentiles; and the central figure of this and of the subsequent period is St. Paul. The third apostolic period is marked by the almost entire disappearance of the twelve from the sacred narrative, and the exclusive agency of St. Paul, the great apostle of the Gentiles. Of the missionary work of the rest of the twelve we know absolutely nothing from the sacred narrative.

Appaim

Appa’im, or Ap’paim (the nostrils), son of Nadab, and descended from Jerahmeel, the founder of an important family of the tribe of Judah. 1 Chronicles 2:30, 1 Chronicles 2:31.

Appeal

Appeal. The principle of appeal was recognized by the Mosaic law in the establishment of a central court under the presidency of the judge or ruler for the time being, before which all cases too difficult for the local courts were to be tried. Deuteronomy 17:8, Deuteronomy 17:9. According to the above regulation, the appeal lay in the time of the Judges to the judge, Judges 4:5, and under the monarchy to the king. Jehoshaphat delegated his judicial authority to a court permanently established for the purpose. 2 Chronicles 19:8. These courts were reestablished by Ezra. Ezra 7;Ezra 7:25. After the institution of the Sanhedrin the final appeal lay to them. St. Paul, as a Roman citizen, exercised a right of appeal from the jurisdiction of the local court at Jerusalem to the emperor. Acts 25:11.

Apphia

Ap’phia (fruitful), a Christian woman addressed jointly with Philemon and Archippus in Philemon 2; apparently a member of Philemon’s household, and not improbably his wife. (a.d. 57.)

Appii Forum

Ap’pii Fo’rum (market-place of Appius), a well-known station on the Appian Way, the great road which led from Rome to the neighborhood of the Bay of Naples. Acts 28:15. There is no difficulty in identifying the site with some ruins near Treponti. [THREE TAVERNS.]

Appius Market of

Ap’pius, Market of. Revised Version for APPII FORUM. Acts 28:15.

Apple Tree

Apple Tree, Apple (Heb. tappûach). Mention of the apple tree occurs in the Authorized Version in Song of Solomon 2:5; Song of Solomon 7:8. It is a difficult matter to say what is the specific tree denoted by the Hebrew word tappûach. (“The apple proper is rare in Syria, and its fruit inferior.”) Most modern writers maintain that it is either the quince or the citron; (others speak of the apricot, which is abundant and deliciously perfumed.) The quince has some plausible arguments in its favor. Its fragrance was held in high esteem by the ancients. The quince was sacred to Venus. On the other hand, Dr. Royle says, “The rich color, fragrant odor, and handsome appearance of the citron, whether in flower or in fruit, are particularly suited to the passages of Scripture mentioned above.” But neither the quince nor the citron nor the apple appears fully to answer to all the scriptural allusions. The orange would answer all the demands of the scriptural passages, and orange trees are found in Palestine; but there does not appear sufficient evidence that this tree was known in the earlier times to the inhabitants of Palestine. The question of identification, therefore, must still be left an open one.

Aquila

Aq’uila (an eagle), a Jew whom St. Paul found at Corinth on his arrival from Athens. Acts 18:2. (a.d. 52.) He was a native of Pontus, but had fled, with his wife Priscilla, from Rome, in consequence of an order of Claudius commanding all Jews to leave the city. He became acquainted with St. Paul, and they abode together, and wrought at their common trade of making the Cilician tent or hair-cloth. On the departure of the apostle from Corinth, a year and six months after, Priscilla and Aquila accompanied him to Ephesus. There they remained, and there they taught Apollos. At what time they became Christians is uncertain.

Ar

Ar (a city), or Ar of Moab, one of the chief places of Moab. Numbers 21:28; Isaiah 15:1. In later times the place was known as Areopolis and Rabbath-Moab. The site is still called Rabba. It lies about halfway between Kerak and the Wady Mojeb, 10 or 11 miles from each, the Roman road passing through it.

Ara

A’ra (lion), one of the sons of Jether, the head of a family of Asherites. 1 Chronicles 7:38.

Arab

A’rab (ambush), a city of Judah in the mountainous district, probably in the neighborhood of Hebron; mentioned only in Joshua 15:52.

Arabah

Ar’abah (burnt up). Although this word appears in the Authorized Version in its original shape only in Joshua 18:18, yet in the Hebrew text it is of frequent occurrence. It indicates more particularly the deep-sunken valley or trench which forms the most striking among the many striking natural features of Palestine, and which extends with great uniformity of formation from the slopes of Hermon to the Elanitic Gulf (Gulf of Akabah) of the Red Sea; the most remarkable depression known to exist on the surface of the globe. Through the northern portion of this extraordinary fissure the Jordan rushes through the lakes of Huleh and Gennesaret down its tortuous course to the deep chasm of the Dead Sea. This portion, about 150 miles in length, is known amongst the Arabs by the name of el-Ghor. The southern boundary of the Ghor is the wall of cliffs which crosses the valley about 10 miles south of the Dead Sea. From their summits, southward to the Gulf of Akabah, the valley changes its name, or, it would be more accurate to say, retains its old name of Wady el-Arabah.

Arabia

Ara’bia (desert, barren), a country known in the Old Testament under two designations:—

1. The East Country, Genesis 25:6, or perhaps the East, Genesis 10:30; Numbers 23:7; Isaiah 2:6; and Land of the Sons of the East, Genesis 29:1; Gentile name, Sons of the East. Judges 6:3; Judges 7:12; 1 Kings 4:30; Job 1:3; Isaiah 11:14; Jeremiah 49:28; Ezekiel 25:4. From these passages it appears that Land of the East and Sons of the East indicate, primarily, the country east of Palestine, and the tribes descended from Ishmael and from Keturah; and that this original signification may have become gradually extended to Arabia and its inhabitants generally, though without any strict limitation. 2. ˒Arâb and ’Arab, whence Arabia. 2 Chronicles 9:14; Isaiah 21:13; Jeremiah 25:24; Ezekiel 27:21. (Arabia is a triangular peninsula, included between the Mediterranean and Red seas, the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. Its extreme length, north and south, is about 1300 miles, and its greatest breadth 1500 miles.—Encyc. Brit.)

Arab Chieftain.

Divisions.—Arabia may be divided into Arabia Proper, containing the whole peninsula as far as the limits of the northern deserts; Northern Arabia (Arabia Deserta), constituting the great desert of Arabia; and Western Arabia, the desert of Petra and the peninsula of Sinai, or the country that has been called Arabia Petræa. I. Arabia Proper, or the Arabian peninsula, consists of high table-land, declining towards the north. Most of it is well peopled, watered by wells and streams, and enjoys periodical rains. The most fertile tracts are those on the southwest and south. II. Northern Arabia, or the Arabian Desert, is a high, undulating, parched plain, of which the Euphrates forms the natural boundary from the Persian Gulf to the frontier of Syria, whence it is bounded by the latter country and the desert of Petra on the northwest and west, the peninsula of Arabia forming its fouthern limit. It has few cases, the water of the wells is generally either brackish or unpotable, and it is visited by the sand-wind called Samoom. The inhabitants, principally descended from Ishmael and from Keturah, have always hled a wandering and pastoral life. They conducted a considerable trade of merchandise of Arabia and India from the shores of the Persian Gulf. Ezekiel 27:20-24. III. Western Arabia includes the peninsula of Sinai [SINAI] and the desert of Petra, corresponding generally with the limits of Arabia Petræa. The latter name is probably derived from that of its chief city, not from its stony character. It was mostly peopled by descendants of Esau, and was generally known as the land of Edom or Idumæa [EDOM], as well as by its older appellation, the desert of Seir or Mount Seir. [SEIR.]

Inhabitants.—(Arabia, which once ruled from India to the Atlantic, now has eight or nine millions of inhabitants, about one-fifth of whom are Bedouin or wandering tribes, and the other four-fifths settled Arabs.—Encyc. Brit.)

1. The descendants of JOKTAN occupied the principal portions of the south and southwest of the peninsula, with colonies in the interior. The principal Joktanite kingdom, and the chief state of ancient Arabia, was that of the Yemen. 2. The ISHMAELITES appear to have entered the peninsula from the northwest. That they have spread over the whole of it (with the exception of one or two districts on the south coast), and that the modern nation is predominantly Ishmaelite, is asserted by the Arabs. 3. Of the descendants of KETURAH the Arabs say little. They appear to have settled chiefly north of the peninsula in Desert Arabia, from Palestine to the Persian Gulf. 4. In northern and western Arabia are other peoples, which, from their geographical position and mode of life, are sometimes classed with the Arabs. Of these are AMALEK, the descendants of ESAU, etc.

(Productions.—The productions are varied. The most noted animal is the horse. Camels, sheep, cattle, asses, mules, and cats are common. Agricultural products are coffee, wheat, barley, millet, beans, pulse, dates, and the common garden plants. In pasture lands Arabia is peculiarly fortunate. In mineral products it is singularly poor, lead being most abundant.—Encyc. Brit.)

Religion.—The most ancient idolatry of the Arabs we must conclude to have been fetishism. Magianism, an importation from Chaldæa and Persia, must be reckoned among the religions of the pagan Arabs; but it never had very numerous followers. Christianity was introduced into southern Arabia toward the close of the second century, and about a century later it had made great progress. It flourished chiefly in the Yemen, where many churches were built. Judaism was propagated in Arabia, principally by Karaites, at the captivity. They are now nominally Mohammedans.

Language.—Arabic, the language of Arabia, is the most developed and the richest of Shemitic languages, and the only one of which we have an extensive literature; it is, therefore, of great importance to the study of Hebrew.

Government.—Arabia is now under the government of the Ottoman empire.

Arabians

Ara’bians, the nomadic tribes inhabiting the country to the east and south of Palestine, who in the early times of Hebrew history were known as Ishmaelites and descendants of Keturah.

Arad

A’rad (a wild ass), a Benjamite, son of Beriah, who drove out the inhabitants of Gath. 1 Chronicles 8:15. (b.c. 536.)

Arad

A’rad, a royal city of the Canaanites, named with Hormah and Libnah. Joshua 12:14. The wilderness of Judah was to “the south of Arad.” Judges 1:16. It may be identified with a hill, Tel ˒Arâd, an hour and a half northeast by East from Milh (Moladah), and eight hours from Hebron.

Arah

A’rah (wayfaring).

1. An Asherite, of the sons of Ulla. 1 Chronicles 7:39.

2. The sons of Arah returned with Zerubbabel in number 775 according to Ezra 2:5, but 652 according to Nehemiah 7:10. (b.c. 536.) One of his descendants, Shechaniah, was the father-in-law of Tobiah the Ammonite. Nehemiah 6:18.

Aram

A’ram (high).

1. The name by which the Hebrews designated, generally, the country lying to the northeast of Palestine; the great mass of that high tableland which, rising with sudden abruptness from the Jordan and the very margin of the Lake of Gennesaret, stretches, at an elevation of no less than 2000 feet above the level of the sea, to the banks of the Euphrates itself. Throughout the Authorized Version the word is, with only a very few exceptions, rendered, as in the Vulgate and LXX, SYRIA. Its earliest occurrence in the book of Genesis is in the form of Aram-naharaim, i.e., the “highland of or between the two rivers.” Genesis 24:10, Authorized Version “Mesopotamia.” In the later history we meet with a number of small nations or kingdoms forming parts of the general land of Aram; but as Damascus increased in importance it gradually absorbed the smaller powers, 1 Kings 20:1, and the name of Aram was at last applied to it alone. Isaiah 7:8; also 1 Kings 11:24, 1 Kings 11:25; 1 Kings 15:18, etc.

2. Another Aram is named in Genesis 22:21, as a son of Kemuel and descendant of Nahor.

3. An Asherite, one of the sons of Shamer. 1 Chronicles 7:34.

4. Son of Esrom or Hezron, and the Greek form of the Hebrew Ram. Matthew 1:3, Matthew 1:4; Luke 3:33.

Aram-naharaim

A’ram-nahara’im (highlands of two rivers). Psalm 60, title. [ARAM.]

Aram-zobah

A’ram-zo’bah. Psalm 60, title. [ARAM, 1.]

Aramitess

Arami’tess, a female inhabitant of Aram. 1 Chronicles 7:14.

Aran

A’ran (wild goat), a Horite, son of Dishan and brother of Uz. Genesis 36:28; 1 Chronicles 1:42.

Ararat

Ar’arat (high or holy ground), a mountainous district of Asia mentioned in the Bible in connection with the following events:—(1) As the resting-place of the ark after the deluge. Genesis 8:4. (2) As the asylum of the sons of Sennacherib. 2 Kings 19:37; Isaiah 37:38; Authorized Version has “the land of Armenia.” (3) As the ally, and probably the neighbor, of Minni and Ashchenaz. Jeremiah 51:27. [ARMENIA.] The name Ararat was unknown to the geographers of Greece and Rome, as it still is to the Armenians of the present day; but it was an ancient name for a portion of Armenia. In its biblical sense it is descriptive generally of the Armenian highlands—the lofty plateau which overlooks the plain of the Araxes on the north and of Mesopotamia on the south. Various opinions have been put forth as to the spot where the ark rested, as described in Genesis 8:4; (but it is probable that it rested on some of the lower portions of the range than on the lofty peak to which exclusively) Europeans have given the name Ararat, the mountain which is called Massis by the Armenians, Agri-Dagh,M i.e., Steep Mountain, by the Turks, and Kuh-i-Nuh, i.e., Noah’s Mountain, by the Persians. It rises immediately out of the plain of the Araxes, and terminates in two conical peaks, named the Great and Less Ararat, about seven miles distant from each other; the former of which attains an elevation of 17,260 feet above the level of the sea and about 14,000 above the plain of the Araxes, while the latter is lower by 4000 feet. The summit of the higher is covered with eternal snow for about 3000 feet. Arguri, the only village known to have been built on its slopes, was the spot where, according to tradition, Noah planted his vineyard. “The mountains of Ararat,” as co-extensive with the Armenian plateau from the base of Ararat in the north to the range of Kurdistán in the south, we notice the following characteristics of that region as illustrating the Bible narrative: (1) Its elevation. It rises to a height of from 6000 to 7000 feet above the level of the sea. (2) Its geographical position. Viewed with reference to the dispersion of the nations, Armenia is the true centre of the world; and at the present day Ararat is the great boundary-stone between the empires of Russia, Turkey, and Persia. (3) Its physical character. The plains as well as the mountains supply evidence of volcanic agency. (4) The climate. Winter lasts from October to May, and is succeeded by a brief spring and a summer of intense heat. (5) The vegetation. Grass grows luxuriantly on the plateau, and furnishes abundant pasture during the summer months to the flocks of the nomad Kurds. Wheat, barley, and vines ripen at far higher altitudes than on the Alps and the Pyrenees.

Mount Ararat. (From a Photograph.)

Araunah

Arau’nah (ark), a Jebusite who sold his threshing-floor on Mount Moriah to David as a site for an altar to Jehovah, together with his oxen. 2 Samuel 24:18-24; 1 Chronicles 21:25.

Arba

Ar’ba (city of the four), the progenitor of the Anakim, or sons of Anak, from whom their chief city, HEBRON, received its name of Kirjath-Arba. Joshua 14:15; Joshua 15:13; Joshua 21:11.

Arbah

Ar’bah. Hebron, or Kirjath-Arba, as “the city of Arbah” is always rendered elsewhere. Genesis 35:27.

Arbathite

Ar’bathite, a native of the Arabah or Ghor. [ARABAH.] Abi-albon the Arbathite was one of David’s mighty men. 2 Samuel 23:31; 1 Chronicles 11:32.

Arbite

Ar’bite, a native of Arab. Paarai the Arbite was one of David’s guard. 2 Samuel 23:35.

Arch of Titus

Arch of Titus. A triumphal arch erected at Rome, and still remaining there, to commemorate the conquest of Judea and the destruction of Jerusalem by the emperor Titus. It was erected after his death, a.d. 91, by the senate and people of Rome. It was a magnificent structure, decorated with bas-reliefs and inscriptions, and is of especial interest because its historic bas-reliefs represent the captors carrying in triumph to Rome the golden candlestick and sacred utensils from the Jewish temple at Jerusalem. From these we obtain our best idea of their shape.—Ed.

Arch of Titus at Rome.

Archelaus

Archela’us (prince of the people), son of Herod the Great by a Samaritan woman, Malthaké, and, with his brother Antipas, brought up at Rome. At the death of Herod (b.c. 4) his kingdom was divided between his three sons, Herod Antipas, Archelaus, and Philip. Archelaus never properly bore the title of king, Matthew 2:22, but only that of ethnarch. In the tenth year os his reign, or the ninth according to Dion Cassius, i.e., a.d. 6, a complaint was preferred against him by his brothers and his subjects on the ground of his tyranny, in consequence of which he was banished to Vienne in Gaul, where he is generally said to have died.

Coins of Archelaus.

Archery

Archery. [ARMS.]

Archevites

Ar’chevites, perhaps the inhabitants of Erech, some of whom had been placed as colonists in Samaria. Ezra 4:9.

Archi

Ar’chi. Joshua 16:2. A place in the neighborhood of Bethel, on the boundary between Ephraim and Benjamin. It designates a clan perhaps originally from Erech in Babylonia, of which Hushai was one. [ARCHITE.]

Archippus

Archip’pus (master of the horse), a Christian teacher in Colossæ, Colossians 4:17, called by St. Paul his “fellow soldier,” Philippians 2. He was probably a member of Philemon’s family. (a.d. 62.)

Archite The

Ar’chite, The (as if from a place named Erech, on the frontiers of Ephraim), the usual designation of David’s friend Hushai. 2 Samuel 15:32; 2 Samuel 17:5, 2 Samuel 17:14; 1 Chronicles 27:33.

Architecture

Architecture. The book of Genesis, Genesis 4:22, appears to divide mankind into two great characteristic sections, viz., the “dwellers in tents” and the “dwellers in cities.” To the race of Shem is attributed, Genesis 10:11, Genesis 10:12, Genesis 10:22; Genesis 11:2-9, the foundation of those cities in the plain of Shinar, Babylon, Nineveh, and others. The Israelites were by occupation shepherds, and by habit dwellers in tents. Genesis 47:3. They had therefore originally, speaking properly, no architecture. From the time of the occupation of Canaan they became dwellers in towns and in houses of stone. Leviticus 14:34, Leviticus 14:45; 1 Kings 7:10. The peaceful reign and vast wealth of Solomon gave great impulse to architecture; for besides the temple and his other great works, he built fortresses and cities in various places, among which Baalath and Tadmor are in all probability represented by Baalbec and Palmyra. But the reigns of Herod and his successors were especially remarkable for their great architectural works. Not only was the temple restored, but the fortifications and other public buildings of Jerusalem were enlarged and embellished. Luke 21:5. The town of Cæsarea was built on the site of Strato’s Tower; Samaria was enlarged, and received the name of Sebaste. Of the original splendor of these great works no doubt can be entertained; but of their style and appearance we can only conjecture that they were formed on Greek and Roman models. The enormous stones employed in the Assyrian, Persepolitan, and Egyptian buildings find a parallel in the substructions of Baalbec and in the huge blocks which still remain at Jerusalem, relics of the buildings either of Solomon or of Herod.

Arcturus

Arctu’rus (bear-keeper). The Hebrew words ’Ash and ’Aish, rendered “Arcturus” in the Authorized Version of Job 9:9; Job 38:32, in conformity with the Vulgate of the former passage, are now generally believed to be identical, and to represent the constellation Ursa Major, known commonly as the Great Bear or Charles’ Wain.

Ard

Ard (one that descends), the son of Bela and grandson of Benjamin. Genesis 46:21; Numbers 26:40. In 1 Chronicles 8:3 he is called ADDAR.

Ardites

Ard’ites, the descendants of Ard or Addar, the grandson of Benjamin. Numbers 26:40.

Ardon

Ar’don (fugitive), a son of Caleb, the son of Hezron, by his wife Azubah. 1 Chronicles 2:18.

Areli

Are’li (heroic), a son of Gad. Genesis 46:16; Numbers 26:17. His descendants are called Arelites. Numbers 26:17.

Areopagite

Areop’agite, a member of the court of Areopagus. Acts 17:34. [MARS&RSQUO; HILL.]

Areopagus

Areop’agus. [MARS&RSQUO; HILL.]

Aretas

Are’tas, or Ar’etas (graver).

1. A contemporary of Antiochus Epiphanes, b.c. 170, and Jason. 2 Maccabees 5:8.

2. The Aretas alluded to by St. Paul, 2 Corinthians 11:32, was father-in-law of Herod Antipas.

Argob

Ar’gob (stony), a tract of country on the east of the Jordan, in Bashan, the kingdom of Og, containing 60 great and fortified cities. In later times it was called Trachonitis, and it is now apparently identified with the Lejah, a very remarkable district south of Damascus and east of the Sea of Galilee. Deuteronomy 3:4, Deuteronomy 3:13, Deuteronomy 3:14.

Argob

Ar’gob, perhaps a Gileadite officer who was governor of Argob. He was either an accomplice of Pekah in the murder of Pekahiah or was slain by Pekah. 2 Kings 15:25.

Arida-i

Arid’a-i (the strong), ninth son of Haman. Esther 9:9.

Aridatha

Arid’atha, sixth son of Haman. Esther 9:8.

Arieh

Ari’eh (lion). Either one of the accomplices of Pekah in his conspiracy against Pekahiah, or one of the princes of Pekahiah who was put to death with him. 2 Kings 15:25. (b.c. 757.)

Ariel

A’riel (lion of God).

1. One of the “chief men” who under Ezra directed the caravan which he led back from Babylon to Jerusalem. Ezra 8:16. (b.c. 459.) The word occurs also in reference to two Moabites slain by Benaiah. 2 Samuel 23:20; 1 Chronicles 11:22. Many regard the word as an epithet, “lion-like”; but it seems better to look upon it as a proper name, and translate “two [sons] of Ariel.”

2. A designation given by Isaiah to the city of Jerusalem. Isaiah 29:1, Isaiah 29:2, Isaiah 29:7. We must understand by it either “lion of God,” as the chief city, or “hearth of God,” a synonym for the altar of burnt offering. On the whole it seems most probable that, as a name given to Jerusalem, Ariel means “lion of God,” whilst the word used by Ezekiel, Ezekiel 43:15, Ezekiel 43:16, means “hearth of God.”

Arimathæa

Arimathæa (Arimathea) — (heights) (Matthew 27:57; Luke 23:51; John 19:38) St. Luke calls it "a city of Judea." It is identified by many with the modern Ramleh.

Arioch

A’rioch (venerable).

1. The king of Ellasar, one of the allies of Chedorlaomer in his expedition against his rebellious tributaries. Genesis 14:1. (b.c. 1921–1912.)

2. The captain of Nebuchadnezzar’s bodyguard. Daniel 2:14, etc.

3. Properly Eirioch, or Erioch, mentioned in Judith 1:6 as king of the Elymæans.

Arisa-i

Aris’a-i (lion-like), eighth son of Haman. Esther 9:9.

Aristarchus

Aristar’chus (the best ruler), a Thessalonian, Acts 20:4; Acts 27:2, who accompanied St. Paul on his third missionary journey. Acts 19:29. He was with the apostle on his return to Asia, Acts 20:4; and again, Acts 27:2, on his voyage to Rome. We trace him afterwards as St. Paul’s fellow prisoner in Colossians 4:10 and Philemon 24. Tradition makes him bishop of Apamea.

Aristobulus

Aristobu’lus (the best counsellor), a resident at Rome, some of whose household are greeted in Romans 16:10. Tradition makes him one of the 70 disciples, and reports that he preached the gospel in Britain.

Ark Noah’s

Ark, Noah’s. [NOAH.]