The Great Controversy (1888 ed.)

Chapter 5—John Wycliffe

Before the Reformation there were at times but very few copies of the Bible in existence; but God had not suffered his Word to be wholly destroyed. Its truths were not to be forever hidden. He could as easily unchain the words of life as he could open prison doors and unbolt iron gates to set his servants free. In the different countries of Europe, men were moved by the Spirit of God to search for the truth as for hid treasures. Providentially guided to the Holy Scriptures, they studied the sacred pages with intense interest. They were willing to accept the light, at any cost to themselves. Though they did not see all things clearly, they were enabled to perceive many long-buried truths. As Heaven-sent messengers they went forth, rending asunder the chains of error and superstition, and calling upon those who had been so long enslaved to arise and assert their liberty. GC88 79.1

Except among the Waldenses, the Word of God had for ages been locked up in languages known only to the learned; but the time had come for the Scriptures to be translated, and given to the people of different lands in their native tongue. The world had passed its midnight. The hours of darkness were wearing away, and in many lands appeared tokens of the coming dawn. GC88 79.2

In the fourteenth century arose in England the “morning-star of the Reformation.” John Wycliffe was the herald of reform, not for England alone, but for all Christendom. The great protest against Rome which it was permitted him to utter, was never to be silenced. That protest opened the struggle which was to result in the emancipation of individuals, of churches, and of nations. GC88 79.3

Wycliffe received a liberal education, and with him the fear of the Lord was the beginning of wisdom. He was noted at college for his fervent piety as well as for his remarkable talents and sound scholarship. In his thirst for knowledge he sought to become acquainted with every branch of learning. He was educated in the scholastic philosophy, in the canons of the church, and in the civil law, especially that of his own country. In his after-labors the value of this early training was apparent. A thorough acquaintance with the speculative philosophy of his time enabled him to expose its errors; and by his study of national and ecclesiastical law he was prepared to engage in the great struggle for civil and religious liberty. While he could wield the weapons drawn from the Word of God, he had acquired the intellectual discipline of the schools, and he understood the tactics of the schoolmen. The power of his genius and the extent and thoroughness of his knowledge commanded the respect of both friends and foes. His adherents saw with satisfaction that their champion stood foremost among the leading minds of the nation; and his enemies were prevented from casting contempt upon the cause of reform by exposing the ignorance or weakness of its supporter. GC88 80.1

While Wycliffe was still at college, he entered upon the study of the Scriptures. In those early times, when the Bible existed only in the ancient languages, scholars were enabled to find their way to the fountain of truth, which was closed to the uneducated classes. Thus already the way had been prepared for Wycliffe's future work as a reformer. Men of learning had studied the Word of God, and had found the great truth of his free grace there revealed. In their teachings they had spread a knowledge of this truth, and had led others to turn to the Living Oracles. GC88 80.2

When Wycliffe's attention was directed to the Scriptures, he entered upon their investigation with the same thoroughness which had enabled him to master the learning of the schools. Heretofore he had felt a great want, which neither his scholastic studies nor the teaching of the church could satisfy. In the Word of God he found that which he had before sought in vain. Here he saw the plan of salvation revealed, and Christ set forth as the only advocate for man. He gave himself to the service of Christ, and determined to proclaim the truths he had discovered. GC88 80.3

Like after-reformers, Wycliffe did not, at the opening of his work, foresee whither it would lead him. He did not set himself deliberately in opposition to Rome. But devotion to truth could not but bring him in conflict with falsehood. The more clearly he discerned the errors of the papacy, the more earnestly he presented the teaching of the Bible. He saw that Rome had forsaken the Word of God for human tradition; he fearlessly accused the priesthood of having banished the Scriptures, and demanded that the Bible be restored to the people, and that its authority be again established in the church. He was an able and earnest teacher, and an eloquent preacher, and his daily life was a demonstration of the truths he preached. His knowledge of the Scriptures, the force of his reasoning, the purity of his life, and his unbending courage and integrity, won for him general esteem and confidence. Many of the people had become dissatisfied with their former faith, as they saw the iniquity that prevailed in the Roman Church, and they hailed with unconcealed joy the truths brought to view by Wycliffe; but the papist leaders were filled with rage when they perceived that this reformer was gaining an influence greater than their own. GC88 81.1

Wycliffe was a keen detector of error, and he struck fearlessly against many of the abuses sanctioned by the authority of Rome. While acting as chaplain for the king, he took a bold stand against the payment of tribute claimed by the pope from the English monarch, and showed that the papal assumption of authority over secular rulers was contrary to both reason and revelation. The demands of the pope had excited great indignation, and Wycliffe's teachings exerted an influence upon the leading minds of the nation. The king and the nobles united in denying the pontiff's claim to temporal authority, and in refusing the payment of the tribute. Thus an effectual blow was struck against the papal supremacy in England. GC88 81.2

Another evil against which the reformer waged long and resolute battle, was the institution of the orders of mendicant friars. These friars swarmed in England, casting a blight upon the greatness and prosperity of the nation. Industry, education, morals, all felt the withering influence. The monks’ life of idleness and beggary was not only a heavy drain upon the resources of the people, but it brought useful labor into contempt. The youth were demoralized and corrupted. By the influence of the friars many were induced to enter a cloister and devote themselves to a monastic life, and this not only without the consent of their parents, but even without their knowledge, and contrary to their commands. One of the early fathers of the Romish Church, urging the claims of monasticism above the obligations of filial love and duty, had declared: “Though thy father should lie before thy door, weeping and lamenting, and thy mother should show thee the body that bare thee and the breasts that nursed thee, see that thou trample them under foot, and go onward straightway to Christ.” “By this monstrous inhumanity,” as Luther afterward styled it, “savoring more of the wolf and the tyrant than of the Christian and the man,” were the hearts of children steeled against their parents. Thus did the papal leaders, like the Pharisees of old, make the commandment of God of none effect by their tradition. Thus homes were made desolate, and parents were deprived of the society of their sons and daughters. GC88 82.1

Even the students in the universities were deceived by the false representations of the monks, and induced to join their orders. Many afterward repented this step, seeing that they had blighted their own lives, and had brought sorrow upon their parents; but once fast in the snare, it was impossible for them to obtain their freedom. Many parents, fearing the influence of the monks, refused to send their sons to the universities. There was a marked falling off in the number of students in attendance at the great centers of learning. The schools languished, and ignorance prevailed. GC88 82.2

The pope had bestowed on these monks the power to hear confessions and to grant pardon. This became a source of great evil. Bent on enhancing their gains, the friars were so ready to grant absolution that criminals of all descriptions resorted to them, and as a result, the worst vices rapidly increased. The sick and the poor were left to suffer, while the gifts that should have relieved their wants went to the monks, who with threats demanded the alms of the people, denouncing the impiety of those who should withhold gifts from their orders. Notwithstanding their profession of poverty, the wealth of the friars was constantly increasing, and their magnificent edifices and luxurious tables made more apparent the growing poverty of the nation. And while spending their time in luxury and pleasure, they sent out in their stead ignorant men, who could only recount marvelous tales, legends, and jests to amuse the people, and make them still more completely the dupes of the monks. Yet the friars continued to maintain their hold on the superstitious multitudes, and led them to believe that all religious duty was comprised in acknowledging the supremacy of the pope, adoring the saints, and making gifts to the monks, and that this was sufficient to secure them a place in Heaven. GC88 83.1

Men of learning and piety had labored in vain to bring about a reform in these monastic orders; but Wycliffe, with clearer insight, struck at the root of the evil, declaring that the system itself was false, and that it should be abolished. Discussion and inquiry were awakening. As the monks traversed the country, vending the pope's pardons, many were led to doubt the possibility of purchasing forgiveness with money, and they questioned whether they should not seek pardon from God rather than from the pontiff of Rome. Not a few were alarmed at the rapacity of the friars, whose greed seemed never to be satisfied. “The monks and priests of Rome,” said they, “are eating us away like a cancer. God must deliver us, or the people will perish.” To cover their avarice, these begging monks claimed that they were following the Saviour's example, declaring that Jesus and his disciples had been supported by the charities of the people. This claim resulted in injury to their cause, for it led many to the Bible to learn the truth for themselves,—a result which of all others was least desired by Rome. The minds of men were directed to the Source of truth, which it was her object to conceal. GC88 83.2

Wycliffe began to write and publish tracts against the friars, not, however, seeking so much to enter into dispute with them as to call the minds of the people to the teachings of the Bible and its Author. He declared that the power of pardon or of excommunication is possessed by the pope in no greater degree than by common priests, and that no man can be truly excommunicated unless he has first brought upon himself the condemnation of God. In no more effectual way could he have undertaken the overthrow of that mammoth fabric of spiritual and temporal dominion which the pope had erected, and in which the souls and bodies of millions were held captive. GC88 84.1

Again Wycliffe was called to defend the rights of the English crown against the encroachments of Rome; and being appointed a royal ambassador, he spent two years in the Netherlands, in conference with the commissioners of the pope. Here he was brought into communication with ecclesiastics from France, Italy, and Spain, and he had an opportunity to look behind the scenes, and gain a knowledge of many things which would have remained hidden from him in England. He learned much that was to give point to his after-labors. In these representatives from the papal court he read the true character and aims of the hierarchy. He returned to England to repeat his former teachings more openly and with greater zeal, declaring that covetousness, pride, and deception were the gods of Rome. GC88 84.2

In one of his tracts he said, speaking of the pope and his collectors: “They draw out of our land poor men's livelihood, and many thousand marks by the year, of the king's money, for sacraments and spiritual things, that is cursed heresy of simony, and maketh all Christendom assert and maintain his heresy. And certes though our realm had a huge hill of gold, and never other man took thereof but only this proud, worldly priest's collector, by process of time this hill must be spended; for he taketh ever money out of our land, and sendeth naught again but God's curse for his simony.” GC88 85.1

Soon after his return to England, Wycliffe received from the king the appointment to the rectory of Lutterworth. This was an assurance that the monarch at least had not been displeased by his plain speaking. Wycliffe's influence was felt in shaping the action of the court, as well as in moulding the belief of the nation. GC88 85.2

The papal thunders were soon hurled against him. Three bulls were dispatched to England,—to the university, to the king, and to the prelates,—all commanding immediate and decisive measures to silence the teacher of heresy. Before the arrival of the bulls, however, the bishops, in their zeal, had summoned Wycliffe before them for trial. But two of the most powerful princes in the kingdom accompanied him to the tribunal; and the people, surrounding the building and rushing in, so intimidated the judges that the proceedings were for the time suspended, and he was allowed to go his way in peace. A little later, Edward III., whom in his old age the prelates were seeking to influence against the reformer, died, and Wycliffe's former protector became regent of the kingdom. GC88 85.3

But the arrival of the papal bulls laid upon all England a peremptory command for the arrest and imprisonment of the heretic. These measures pointed directly to the stake. It appeared certain that Wycliffe must soon fall a prey to the vengeance of Rome. But He who declared to one of old, “Fear not; I am thy shield,” [Genesis 15:1.] again stretched out his hand to protect his servant. Death came, not to the reformer, but to the pontiff who had decreed his destruction. Gregory XI. died, and the ecclesiastics who had assembled for Wycliffe's trial, dispersed. GC88 86.1

God's providence still further overruled events to give opportunity for the growth of the Reformation. The death of Gregory was followed by the election of two rival popes. Two conflicting powers, each professedly infallible, now claimed obedience. Each called upon the faithful to assist him in making war upon the other, enforcing his demands by terrible anathemas against his adversaries, and promises of rewards in Heaven to his supporters. This occurrence greatly weakened the power of the papacy. The rival factions had all they could do to attack each other, and Wycliffe for a time had rest. Anathemas and recriminations were flying from pope to pope, and torrents of blood were poured out to support their conflicting claims. Crimes and scandals flooded the church. Meanwhile the reformer, in the quiet retirement of his parish of Lutterworth, was laboring diligently to point men from the contending popes to Jesus, the Prince of peace. GC88 86.2

The schism, with all the strife and corruption which it caused, prepared the way for the Reformation, by enabling the people to see what the papacy really was. In a tract which he published, “On the Schism of the Popes,” Wycliffe called upon the people to consider whether these two priests were not speaking the truth in condemning each other as the antichrist. “The fiend,” said he, “no longer reigns in one but in two priests, that men may the more easily, in Christ's name, overcome them both.” GC88 86.3

Wycliffe, like his Master, preached the gospel to the poor. Not content with spreading the light in their humble homes in his own parish of Lutterworth, he determined that it should be carried to every part of England. To accomplish this he organized a body of preachers, simple, devout men, who loved the truth and desired nothing so much as to extend it. These men went everywhere, teaching in the market-places, in the streets of the great cities, and in the country lanes. They sought out the aged, the sick, and the poor, and opened to them the glad tidings of the grace of God. GC88 87.1

As a professor of theology at Oxford, Wycliffe preached the Word of God in the halls of the university. So faithfully did he present the truth to the students under his instruction, that he received the title of “The Gospel Doctor.” But the greatest work of his life was to be the translation of the Scriptures into the English language. In a work on “The Truth and Meaning of Scripture,” he expressed his intention to translate the Bible, so that every man in England might read, in the language in which he was born, the wonderful works of God. GC88 87.2

But suddenly his labors were stopped. Though not yet sixty years of age, unceasing toil, study, and the assaults of his enemies, had told upon his strength, and made him prematurely old. He was attacked by a dangerous illness. The tidings brought great joy to the friars. Now they thought he would bitterly repent the evil he had done the church, and they hurried to his chamber to listen to his confession. Representatives from the four religious orders, with four civil officers, gathered about the supposed dying man. “You have death on your lips,” they said; “be touched by your faults, and retract in our presence all you have said to our injury.” The reformer listened in silence; then he bade his attendant raise him in his bed, and gazing steadily upon them as they stood waiting for his recantation, he said, in the firm, strong voice which had so often caused them to tremble, “I shall not die, but live, and declare the evil deeds of the friars.” Astonished and abashed, the monks hurried from the room. GC88 87.3

Wycliffe's words were fulfilled. He lived to place in the hands of his countrymen the most powerful of all weapons against Rome; to give them the Bible, the Heaven-appointed agent to liberate, enlighten, and evangelize the people. There were many and great obstacles to surmount in the accomplishment of this work. Wycliffe was weighed down with infirmities, he knew that only a few years for labor remained for him, he saw the opposition which he must meet; but, encouraged by the promises of God's Word, he went forward nothing daunted. In the full vigor of his intellectual powers, rich in experience, he had been preserved and prepared by God's special providence for this, the greatest of his labors. While all Christendom was filled with tumult, the reformer, in his rectory at Lutterworth, unheeding the storm that raged without, applied himself to his chosen task. GC88 88.1

At last the work was completed,—the first English translation of the Bible ever made. The Word of God was opened to England. The reformer feared not now the prison or the stake. He had placed in the hands of the English people a light which should never be extinguished. In giving the Bible to his countrymen, he had done more to break the fetters of ignorance and vice, more to liberate and elevate his country, than was ever achieved by the most brilliant victories on fields of battle. GC88 88.2

The art of printing being still unknown, it was only by slow and wearisome labor that copies of the Bible could be multiplied. So great was the interest to obtain the book, that many willingly engaged in the work of transcribing it, but it was with difficulty that the copyists could supply the demand. Some of the more wealthy purchasers desired the whole Bible. Others bought only a portion. In many cases, several families united to purchase a copy. Thus Wycliffe's Bible soon found its way to the homes of the people. GC88 88.3

The appeal to men's reason aroused them from their passive submission to papal dogmas. Wycliffe now taught the distinctive doctrines of Protestantism,—salvation through faith in Christ, and the sole infallibility of the Scriptures. The preachers whom he had sent out circulated the Bible, together with the reformer's writings, and with such success that the new faith was accepted by nearly one-half of the people of England. GC88 88.4

The appearance of the Scriptures brought dismay to the authorities of the church. They had now to meet an agency more powerful than Wycliffe,—an agency against which their weapons would avail little. There was at this time no law in England prohibiting the Bible, for it had never before been published in the language of the people. Such laws were afterward enacted and rigorously enforced. Meanwhile, notwithstanding the efforts of the priest, there was for a season opportunity for the circulation of the Word of God. GC88 89.1

Again the papist leaders plotted to silence the reformer's voice. Before three tribunals he was successively summoned for trial, but without avail. First a synod of bishops declared his writings heretical, and, winning the young king, Richard II., to their side, they obtained a royal decree consigning to prison all who should hold the condemned doctrines. GC88 89.2

Wycliffe appealed from the synod to Parliament; he fearlessly arraigned the hierarchy before the national council, and demanded a reform of the enormous abuses sanctioned by the church. With convincing power he portrayed the usurpations and corruptions of the papal see. His enemies were brought to confusion. The friends and supporters of Wycliffe had been forced to yield, and it had been confidently expected that the reformer himself, in his old age, alone and friendless, would bow to the combined authority of the crown and the mitre. But instead of this the papists saw themselves defeated. Parliament, roused by the stirring appeals of Wycliffe, repealed the persecuting edict, and the reformer was again at liberty. GC88 89.3

A third time he was brought to trial, and now before the highest ecclesiastical tribunal in the kingdom. Here no favor would be shown to heresy. Here at last Rome would triumph, and the reformer's work would be stopped. So thought the papists. If they could but accomplish their purpose, Wycliffe would be forced to abjure his doctrines, or would leave the court only for the flames. GC88 90.1

But Wycliffe did not retract; he would not dissemble. He fearlessly maintained his teachings, and repelled the accusations of his persecutors. Losing sight of himself, of his position, of the occasion, he summoned his hearers before the divine tribunal, and weighed their sophistries and deceptions in the balances of eternal truth. The power of the Holy Spirit was felt in the council room. A spell from God was upon the hearers. They seemed to have no power to leave the place. As arrows from the Lord's quiver, the reformer's words pierced their hearts. The charge of heresy, which they had brought against him, he with convincing power threw back upon themselves. Why, he demanded, did they dare to spread their errors?—For the sake of gain, to make merchandise of the grace of God. GC88 90.2

“With whom, think you,” he finally said, “are you contending? With an old man on the brink of the grave?—No! with truth,—truth which is stronger than you, and will overcome you.” So saying, he withdrew from the assembly, and not one of his adversaries attempted to prevent him. GC88 90.3

Wycliffe's work was almost done, the banner of truth which he had so long borne was soon to fall from his hand; but once more he was to bear witness for the gospel. The truth was to be proclaimed from the very stronghold of the kingdom of error. Wycliffe was summoned for trial before the papal tribunal at Rome, which had so often shed the blood of the saints. He was not blind to the danger that threatened him, yet he would have obeyed the summons, had not a shock of palsy made it impossible for him to perform the journey. But though his voice was not to be heard at Rome, he could speak by letter, and this he determined to do. GC88 90.4

From his rectory the reformer wrote to the pope a letter, which, while respectful in tone and Christian in spirit, was a keen rebuke to the pomp and pride of the papal see. “Verily I do rejoice,” he said, “to open and declare unto every man the faith which I do hold, and specially unto the bishop of Rome; the which forasmuch as I do suppose to be sound and true, he will most willingly confirm my said faith, or if it be erroneous, amend the same. First, I believe that the gospel of Christ is the whole body of God's law.... I do give and hold the bishop of Rome, forasmuch as he be the vicar of Christ here on earth, to be bound most of all men unto that law of the gospel. For the greatness among Christ's disciples did not consist in worldly dignity or honors, but in the near and exact following of Christ in his life and manners.... Christ for the time of his pilgrimage here was a most poor man, abjecting and casting off all worldly rule and honor. GC88 91.1

“No faithful man ought to follow either the pope himself, or any of the holy men, but in such points as he hath followed the Lord Jesus Christ. For Peter and the sons of Zebedee, by desiring worldly honor, contrary to the following of Christ's steps, did offend, and therefore in those errors they are not to be followed. GC88 91.2

“The pope ought to leave unto the secular power all temporal dominion and rule, and thereunto effectually move and exhort his whole clergy; for so did Christ, and especially by his apostles. GC88 91.3

“If I have erred in any of these points, I will most humbly submit myself unto correction even by death, if necessity so require. If I could labor according to my will and desire in mine own person, I would surely present myself before the bishop of Rome. But the Lord hath otherwise visited me to the contrary, and hath taught me to obey God rather than men.” GC88 91.4

In closing he said: “Let us pray unto our God, that he will so stir up our pope, Urban the Sixth, as he began, that he with his clergy may follow the Lord Jesus Christ in life and manners, and that they may teach the people effectually, and that they likewise may faithfully follow them in the same.” GC88 91.5

Thus Wycliffe presented to the pope and his cardinals the meekness and humility of Christ, exhibiting not only to themselves but to all Christendom the contrast between them and the Master whose representatives they professed to be. GC88 92.1

Wycliffe fully expected that his life would be the price of his fidelity. The king, the pope, and the bishops were united to accomplish his ruin, and it seemed certain that a few months at most would bring him to the stake. But his courage was unshaken. “Why do you talk of seeking the crown of martyrdom afar?” he said. “Preach the gospel of Christ to haughty prelates, and martyrdom will not fail you. What! I should live and be silent? ... Never! Let the blow fall. I await its coming.” GC88 92.2

But God's providence still shielded his servant. The man who for a whole lifetime had stood boldly in defense of the truth, in daily peril of his life, was not to fall a victim to the hatred of its foes. Wycliffe had never sought to shield himself, but the Lord had been his protector; and now, when his enemies felt sure of their prey, God's hand removed him beyond their reach. In his church at Lutterworth, as he was about to dispense the communion, he fell stricken with palsy, and in a short time yielded up his life. GC88 92.3

God had appointed to Wycliffe his work. He had put the word of truth in his mouth, and he set a guard about him that this word might come to the people. His life was protected, and his labors prolonged, until a foundation was laid for the great work of the Reformation. GC88 92.4

Wycliffe came from the obscurity of the Dark Ages. There were none who went before him from whose work he could shape his system of reform. Raised up like John the Baptist to accomplish a special mission, he was the herald of a new era. Yet in the system of truth which he presented there was a unity and completeness which reformers who followed him did not exceed, and which some did not reach, even a hundred years later. So broad and deep was laid the foundation, so firm and true was the framework, that it needed not to be reconstructed by those who came after him. GC88 92.5

The great movement which Wycliffe inaugurated, which was to liberate the conscience and the intellect, and set free the nations so long bound to the triumphal car of Rome, had its spring in the Bible. Here was the source of that stream of blessing, which, like the water of life, has flowed down the ages since the fourteenth century. Wycliffe accepted the Holy Scriptures with implicit faith as the inspired revelation of God's will, a sufficient rule of faith and practice. He had been educated to regard the Church of Rome as the divine, infallible authority, and to accept with unquestioning reverence the established teachings and customs of a thousand years; but he turned away from all these to listen to God's holy Word. This was the authority which he urged the people to acknowledge. Instead of the church speaking through the pope, he declared the only true authority to be the voice of God speaking through his Word. And he taught not only that the Bible is a perfect revelation of God's will, but that the Holy Spirit is its only interpreter, and that every man is, by the study of its teachings, to learn his duty for himself. Thus he turned the minds of men from the pope and the Church of Rome to the Word of God. GC88 93.1

Wycliffe was one of the greatest of the reformers. In breadth of intellect, in clearness of thought, in firmness to maintain the truth, and boldness to defend it, he was equaled by few who came after him. Purity of life, unwearying diligence in study and in labor, incorruptible integrity, and Christ-like love and faithfulness in his ministry, characterized the first of the reformers. And this notwithstanding the intellectual darkness and moral corruption of the age from which he emerged. GC88 93.2

The character of Wycliffe is a testimony to the educating, transforming power of the Holy Scriptures. It was the Bible that made him what he was. The effort to grasp the great truths of revelation imparts freshness and vigor to all the faculties. It expands the mind, sharpens the perceptions, and ripens the judgment. The study of the Bible will ennoble every thought, feeling, and aspiration as no other study can. It gives stability of purpose, patience, courage, and fortitude; it refines the character, and sanctifies the soul. An earnest, reverent study of the Scriptures—bringing the mind of the student in direct contact with the infinite mind—would give to the world men of stronger and more active intellect, as well as of nobler principle, than has ever resulted from the ablest training that human philosophy affords. “The entrance of Thy words,” says the psalmist, “giveth light; it giveth understanding.” [Psalm 119:130.] GC88 93.3

The doctrines which had been taught by Wycliffe continued for a time to spread; his followers, known as Wycliffites and Lollards, not only traversed England, but scattered to other lands, carrying the knowledge of the gospel. Now that their leader was removed, the preachers labored with even greater zeal than before, and multitudes flocked to listen to their teachings. Some of the nobility, and even the wife of the king, were among the converts. In many places there was a marked reform in the manners of the people, and the idolatrous symbols of Romanism were removed from the churches. But soon the pitiless storm of persecution burst upon those who had dared to accept the Bible as their guide. The English monarchs, eager to strengthen their power by securing the support of Rome, did not hesitate to sacrifice the reformers. For the first time in the history of England, the stake was decreed against the disciples of the gospel. Martyrdom succeeded martyrdom. The advocates of truth, proscribed and tortured, could only pour their cries into the ear of the Lord of Sabaoth. Hunted as foes of the church and traitors to the realm, they continued to preach in secret places, finding shelter as best they could in the humble homes of the poor, and often hiding away even in dens and caves. GC88 94.1

Notwithstanding the rage of persecution, a calm, devout, earnest, patient protest against the prevailing corruption of religious faith continued for centuries to be uttered. The Christians of that early time had only a partial knowledge of the truth, but they had learned to love and obey God's Word, and they patiently suffered for its sake. Like the disciples in apostolic days, many sacrificed their worldly possessions for the cause of Christ. Those who were permitted to dwell in their homes, gladly sheltered their banished brethren, and when they too were driven forth, they cheerfully accepted the lot of the outcast. Thousands, it is true, terrified by the fury of their persecutors, purchased their freedom at the sacrifice of their faith, and went out of their prisons, clothed in penitents’ robes, to publish their recantation. But the number was not small—and among them were men of noble birth as well as the humble and lowly—who bore fearless testimony to the truth in dungeon cells, in “Lollard towers,” and in the midst of torture and flame, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to know “the fellowship of His sufferings.” GC88 95.1

The papists had failed to work their will with Wycliffe during his life, and their hatred could not be satisfied while his body rested quietly in the grave. By the decree of the Council of Constance, more than forty years after his death his bones were exhumed and publicly burned, and the ashes were thrown into a neighboring brook. “The brook,” says an old writer, “did convey his ashes into Avon, Avon into Severn, Severn into the narrow seas, and they into the main ocean; and thus the ashes of Wycliffe are the emblem of his doctrine, which now is dispersed all the world over.” Little did his enemies realize the significance of their malicious act. GC88 95.2

It was through the writings of Wycliffe that John Huss, of Bohemia, was led to renounce many of the errors of Romanism, and to enter upon the work of reform. Thus in these two countries, so widely separated, the seed of truth was sown. From Bohemia the work extended to other lands. The minds of men were directed to the long-forgotten Word of God. A divine hand was preparing the way for the Great Reformation. GC88 95.3

133 GC88 The Great Controversy (1888 ed.) [{"para_id":"133.2","title":"The Great Controversy1888","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0000_eng_f_publisher_s_preface_133_2.mp3#duration=356&size=2342764"},{"para_id":"133.18","title":"Author's Preface","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0001_eng_f_author_s_preface_133_18.mp3#duration=1007&size=6249005"},{"para_id":"133.77","title":"Chapter 1\u2014Destruction of Jerusalem","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0002_eng_f_chapter_1_destruction_of_jerusalem_133_77.mp3#duration=2699&size=16399021"},{"para_id":"133.168","title":"Chapter 2\u2014Persecution in the First Centuries","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0003_eng_f_chapter_2_persecution_in_the_first_centuries_133_168.mp3#duration=1208&size=7451128"},{"para_id":"133.211","title":"Chapter 3\u2014The Apostasy","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0004_eng_f_chapter_3_the_apostasy_133_211.mp3#duration=1510&size=9266404"},{"para_id":"133.267","title":"Chapter 4\u2014The Waldenses","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0005_eng_f_chapter_4_the_waldenses_133_267.mp3#duration=2203&size=13425186"},{"para_id":"133.346","title":"Chapter 5\u2014John Wycliffe","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0006_eng_f_chapter_5_john_wycliffe_133_346.mp3#duration=2203&size=13423803"},{"para_id":"133.429","title":"Chapter 6\u2014Huss and Jerome","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0007_eng_f_chapter_6_huss_and_jerome_133_429.mp3#duration=2996&size=18183895"},{"para_id":"133.540","title":"Chapter 7\u2014Luther's Separation from Rome","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0008_eng_f_chapter_7_luther_s_separation_from_rome_133_540.mp3#duration=3216&size=19504966"},{"para_id":"133.658","title":"Chapter 8\u2014Luther Before the Diet","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0009_eng_f_chapter_8_luther_before_the_diet_133_658.mp3#duration=3347&size=20289602"},{"para_id":"133.782","title":"Chapter 9\u2014The Swiss Reformer","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0010_eng_f_chapter_9_the_swiss_reformer_133_782.mp3#duration=1733&size=10604642"},{"para_id":"133.847","title":"Chapter 10\u2014Progress of Reform in Germany","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0011_eng_f_chapter_10_progress_of_reform_in_germany_133_847.mp3#duration=1531&size=9390885"},{"para_id":"133.910","title":"Chapter 11\u2014Protest of the Princes","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0012_eng_f_chapter_11_protest_of_the_princes_133_910.mp3#duration=1804&size=11028568"},{"para_id":"133.974","title":"Chapter 12\u2014The French Reformation","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0013_eng_f_chapter_12_the_french_reformation_133_974.mp3#duration=3449&size=20904777"},{"para_id":"133.1090","title":"Chapter 13\u2014In the Netherlands and Scandinavia","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0014_eng_f_chapter_13_in_the_netherlands_and_scandinavia_133_1090.mp3#duration=994&size=6167192"},{"para_id":"133.1126","title":"Chapter 14\u2014Later English Reformers","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0015_eng_f_chapter_14_later_english_reformers_133_1126.mp3#duration=2569&size=15620067"},{"para_id":"133.1223","title":"Chapter 15\u2014The Bible and the French Revolution","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0016_eng_f_chapter_15_the_bible_and_the_french_revolution_133_1223.mp3#duration=3076&size=18665585"},{"para_id":"133.1327","title":"Chapter 16\u2014The Pilgrim Fathers","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0017_eng_f_chapter_16_the_pilgrim_fathers_133_1327.mp3#duration=1238&size=7633728"},{"para_id":"133.1372","title":"Chapter 17\u2014Heralds of the Morning","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0018_eng_f_chapter_17_heralds_of_the_morning_133_1372.mp3#duration=2206&size=13444117"},{"para_id":"133.1457","title":"Chapter 18\u2014An American Reformer","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0019_eng_f_chapter_18_an_american_reformer_133_1457.mp3#duration=3265&size=19796080"},{"para_id":"133.1573","title":"Chapter 19\u2014Light Through Darkness","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0020_eng_f_chapter_19_light_through_darkness_133_1573.mp3#duration=1446&size=8882010"},{"para_id":"133.1626","title":"Chapter 20\u2014A Great Religious Awakening","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0021_eng_f_chapter_20_a_great_religious_awakening_133_1626.mp3#duration=2503&size=15222456"},{"para_id":"133.1715","title":"Chapter 21\u2014A Warning Rejected","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0022_eng_f_chapter_21_a_warning_rejected_133_1715.mp3#duration=2024&size=12348051"},{"para_id":"133.1785","title":"Chapter 22\u2014Prophecies Fulfilled","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0023_eng_f_chapter_22_prophecies_fulfilled_133_1785.mp3#duration=2251&size=13713375"},{"para_id":"133.1862","title":"Chapter 23\u2014What is the Sanctuary?","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0024_eng_f_chapter_23_what_is_the_sanctuary_133_1862.mp3#duration=1771&size=10829837"},{"para_id":"133.1928","title":"Chapter 24\u2014In the Holy of Holies","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0025_eng_f_chapter_24_in_the_holy_of_holies_133_1928.mp3#duration=1142&size=7060088"},{"para_id":"133.1970","title":"Chapter 25\u2014God's Law Immutable","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0026_eng_f_chapter_25_god_s_law_immutable_133_1970.mp3#duration=2218&size=13513899"},{"para_id":"133.2046","title":"Chapter 26\u2014A Work of Reform","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0027_eng_f_chapter_26_a_work_of_reform_133_2046.mp3#duration=1216&size=7504264"},{"para_id":"133.2092","title":"Chapter 27\u2014Modern Revivals","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0028_eng_f_chapter_27_modern_revivals_133_2092.mp3#duration=2290&size=13945530"},{"para_id":"133.2175","title":"Chapter 28\u2014The Investigative Judgment","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0029_eng_f_chapter_28_the_investigative_judgment_133_2175.mp3#duration=1604&size=9831422"},{"para_id":"133.2235","title":"Chapter 29\u2014The Origin of Evil","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0030_eng_f_chapter_29_the_origin_of_evil_133_2235.mp3#duration=1618&size=9914252"},{"para_id":"133.2292","title":"Chapter 30\u2014Enmity Between Man and Satan","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0031_eng_f_chapter_30_enmity_between_man_and_satan_133_2292.mp3#duration=763&size=4782913"},{"para_id":"133.2319","title":"Chapter 31\u2014Agency of Evil Spirits","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0032_eng_f_chapter_31_agency_of_evil_spirits_133_2319.mp3#duration=836&size=5224321"},{"para_id":"133.2351","title":"Chapter 32\u2014Snares of Satan","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0033_eng_f_chapter_32_snares_of_satan_133_2351.mp3#duration=1598&size=9793812"},{"para_id":"133.2415","title":"Chapter 33\u2014The First Great Deception","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0034_eng_f_chapter_33_the_first_great_deception_133_2415.mp3#duration=2460&size=14968952"},{"para_id":"133.2509","title":"Chapter 34\u2014Spiritualism","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0035_eng_f_chapter_34_spiritualism_133_2509.mp3#duration=1425&size=8754112"},{"para_id":"133.2557","title":"Chapter 35\u2014Character and Aims of the Papacy","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0036_eng_f_chapter_35_character_and_aims_of_the_papacy_133_2557.mp3#duration=2361&size=14372634"},{"para_id":"133.2646","title":"Chapter 36\u2014The Impending Conflict\u2014Its Causes","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0037_eng_f_chapter_36_the_impending_conflict_its_causes_133_2646.mp3#duration=1414&size=8687265"},{"para_id":"133.2691","title":"Chapter 37\u2014The Scriptures a Safeguard","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0038_eng_f_chapter_37_the_scriptures_a_safeguard_133_2691.mp3#duration=1188&size=7332697"},{"para_id":"133.2737","title":"Chapter 38\u2014The Final Warning","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0039_eng_f_chapter_38_the_final_warning_133_2737.mp3#duration=1197&size=7386359"},{"para_id":"133.2776","title":"Chapter 39\u2014\u201cThe Time of Trouble\u201d","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0040_eng_f_chapter_39_the_time_of_trouble_133_2776.mp3#duration=2781&size=16892075"},{"para_id":"133.2875","title":"Chapter 40\u2014God's People Delivered","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0041_eng_f_chapter_40_god_s_people_delivered_133_2875.mp3#duration=2265&size=13796306"},{"para_id":"133.2954","title":"Chapter 41\u2014Desolation of the Earth","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0042_eng_f_chapter_41_desolation_of_the_earth_133_2954.mp3#duration=1114&size=6886928"},{"para_id":"133.2999","title":"Chapter 42\u2014The Controversy Ended","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0043_eng_f_chapter_42_the_controversy_ended_133_2999.mp3#duration=2190&size=13345034"},{"para_id":"133.3081","title":"Appendix","mp3":"\/mp3\/133\/0044_eng_f_appendix_133_3081.mp3#duration=2758&size=16755454"}]